Adam Clarke Commentary

This chapter foretells the sufferings of the Messiah, the end for which he was to die, and the advantages resulting to mankind from that illustrious event. It begins with a complaint of the infidelity of the Jews, Isaiah 53:1; the offense they took at his mean and humble appearance, Isaiah 53:2; and the contempt with which they treated him, Isaiah 53:3. The prophet then shows that the Messiah was to suffer for sins not his own; but that our iniquities were laid on him, and the punishment of them exacted of him, which is the meritorious cause of our obtaining pardon and salvation, Isaiah 53:4-6. He shows the meekness and placid submission with which he suffered a violent and unjust death, with the circumstances of his dying with the wicked, and being buried with the great, Isaiah 53:7-9; and that, in consequence of his atonement, death, resurrection, and intercession, he should procure pardon and salvation to the multitudes, insure increasing prosperity to his Church, and ultimately triumph over all his foes, Isaiah 53:10, Isaiah 53:11. This chapter contains a beautiful summary of the most peculiar and distinguishing doctrines of Christianity.

That this chapter speaks of none but Jesus must be evident to every unprejudiced reader who has ever heard the history of his sufferings and death. The Jews have endeavored to apply it to their sufferings in captivity; but, alas for their cause! they can make nothing out in this way. Allowing that it belongs to our blessed Lord, (and the best men and the best scholars agree in this), then who can read Isaiah 53:4, Isaiah 53:5, Isaiah 53:6, Isaiah 53:8, Isaiah 53:10, without being convinced that his death was a vicarious sacrifice for the sins of mankind? On the first and second verses of this chapter I have received the following remarks from an unknown hand.

Who hath believed our report? - The report of the prophets, of John the Baptist, and Christ‘s own report of himself. The Jews did not receive the report, and for this reason he was not manifested to them as the promised Messiah. ‹He came unto his own, but his own received him not.‘ Before the Father he grew up as a tender plant: but to the Jews he was as a root out of a dry ground. ‹He hath no form nor comeliness; and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.‘

For he shall grow up - Supposes something to have preceded; as it might be asked, what or who shall ‹grow up before him,‘ etc. As the translation now stands, no correct answer can be given to this question. The translation then is wrong, the connection broken, and the sense obscured. זרוע (zeroa), translated the arm, from the root zara.

1.To sow, or plant; also seed, etc.

2.The limb which reaches from the shoulder to the hand, called the arm; or more properly beginning at the shoulder and ending at the elbow.

The translator has given the wrong sense of the word. It would be very improper to say, the arm of the Lord should grow up before him; but by taking the word in its former sense, the connection and metaphor would be restored, and the true sense given to the text. זרע (zera) signifies, not only the seed of herbs, but children, offspring, or posterity. The same word we find Genesis 3:15, where Christ is the Seed promised. See also Genesis 22:17, Genesis 22:18; Genesis 26:4; Genesis 28:14. Hence the Seed of the woman, the Seed promised to the patriarchs is, according to Isaiah, the Seed of the Lord, the Child born, and the Son given; and according to St. John, ‹the Son of God, the only-begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.‘ זרע then, in this place, should be understood to mean Jesus Christ, and him alone. To speak here of the manifestation of the arm or power of God would be irregular; but to suppose the text to speak of the manifestation of Jesus Christ would be very proper, as the whole of the chapter is written concerning him, particularly his humiliation and sufferings, and the reception he should meet with from the Jewish nation.

“The first verse of this chapter is quoted John 12:38, and the former part of the same verse Romans 10:16. But no objection of importance can be brought forward from either of these quotations against the above explanation, as they are quoted to show the unbelief of the Jews in not receiving Christ as the promised Messiah.”

He hath no form nor comeliness “He hath no form nor any beauty” -
Ουκ ειδος αυτῳ, ουδε αξιωμα, ἱνα ειδωμεν αυτον· ουδε θεωρια, ἱνα επιθυμωμεν αυτον.
“He hath no form, nor any beauty, that we should regard him; nor is his countenance such that we should desire him.”

Symmachus; the only one of the ancients that has translated it rightly.

Acquainted with grief - For וידוע (vidua), familiar with grief, eight MSS. and one edition have וירע (veyada), and knowing grief; the Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate read it ויודע (veyodea).

We hid as it were our faces from him “As one that hideth his face from us” - For וכמסתר (uchemaster), four MSS. (two ancient) have וכמסתיר (uchemastir), one MS. ומסתיר (umastir). For פנים (panim), two MSS. have פניו (panaiu); so likewise the Septuagint and Vulgate. Mourners covered up the lower part of their faces, and their heads, 2 Samuel 15:30; Ezekiel 29:17; and lepers were commanded by the law, Leviticus 13:45, to cover their upper lip. From which circumstance it seems that the Vulgate, Aquila, Symmachus, and the Jewish commentators have taken the word נגוע (nagua), stricken, in the next verse, as meaning stricken with the leprosy: εν αφῃ οντα , Sym.; αφημενον , Aq.; leprosum, Vulg. So my old MS. Bible. I will insert the whole passage as curious: -
There is not schap to him, ne fairnesse,
And we seegen him, and he was not of sigte,
And we desiriden him dispisid; and the last of men:
Man of souaris and witing infirmitie;
And he hid his cheer and despisid;
Wherfor ne we settiden bi him:
Verili our seeknesse he toke and our sorewis he bair,
And we helden him as leprous and smyten of God, and meekid;
He forsoth wounded is for our wickednesse,
Defoulid is for our hidous giltis
The discipline of our pese upon him,
And with his wanne wound we ben helid.

Surely he Bath borne our griefs “Surely our infirmities he hath borne” - Seven MSS. (two ancient) and three editions have חליינו (cholayeynu) in the plural number.

And carried our sorrows “And our sorrows, he hath carried them” - Seventeen MSS. (two ancient) of Dr. Kennicott‘s, two of De Rossi‘s, and two editions have the word הוא (hu), he, before סבלם (sebalam), “carrieth them, “in the text; four other MSS. have it in the margin. This adds force to the sense, and elegance to the construction.

The chastisement of our peace “The chastisement by which our peace is effected” - Twenty-one MSS. and six editions have the word fully and regularly expressed, שלמינו (shelomeynu); pacificationum nostrarum, “our pacification;” that by which we are brought into a state of peace and favor with God. Ar. Montan.

The Iniquity of us all - For עון (avon), “iniquity,” the ancient interpreters read עונות (avonoth), “iniquities,” plural; and so the Vulgate in MS. Blanchini. And the Lord hath הפגיע בו (hiphgia bo), caused to meet in him the iniquities of us all. He was the subject on which all the rays collected on the focal point fell. These fiery rays, which should have fallen on all mankind, diverged from Divine justice to the east, west, north, and south, were deflected from them, and converged in him. So the Lord hath caused to meet in him the punishment due to the iniquities of All.

And who shall declare his generation “And his manner of life who would declare” - A learned friend has communicated to me the following passages from the Mishna, and the Gemara of Babylon, as leading to a satisfactory explication of this difficult place. It is said in the former, that before any one was punished for a capital crime, proclamation was made before the prisoner by the public crier, in these words: כל מי שיודע לו זכות יבא וילמד עליו (col mi shioda lo zachoth yabo vayilmad alaiv), “whosoever knows any thing of this man‘s innocence, let him come and declare it. “Tract. Sandhedrim. Surenhus. Part 4 p. 233. On which passage the Gemara of Babylon adds, that “before the death of Jesus this proclamation was made for forty days; but no defense could be found.” On which words Lardner observes: “It is truly surprising to see such falsities, contrary to well-known facts.” Testimonies, Vol. 1 p. 198. The report is certainly false; but this false report is founded on the supposition that there was such a custom, and so far confirms the account given from the Mishna. The Mishna was composed in the middle of the second century according to Prideaux; Lardner ascribes it to the year of Christ 180.
Casaubon has a quotation from Maimonides which farther confirms this account: - Exercitat. in Baronii Annales, Art. lxxvi. Ann. 34. Numbers 119. Auctor est Maimonides in Perek 13 ejus libri ex opere Jad, solitum fieri, ut cum reus, sententiam mortis passus, a loco judicii exibat ducendus ad supplicium, praecedoret ipsum חכרוז class="greek normal"> κηρυξ , praeco; et haec verba diceret: Ille exit occidendus morte illa, quia transgressus est transgressione illa, in loco illo, tempore illo, et sunt ejus ret testes ille et ille. Qui noverit aliquid ad ejus innoeentiam probandam, veniat, et loquatur pro eoul Joh_18:20}, {ul Joh_18:21}. This, therefore, was one remarkable instance of hardship and injustice, among others predicted by the prophet, which our Savior underwent in his trial and sufferings. />St. Paul likewise, in similar circumstances, standing before the judgment seat of Festus, seems to complain of the same unjust treatment; that no one was called, or would appear, to vindicate his character. “My manner of life ( class="greek normal"> την βιωσιν μου , דורי (dori), ‹my generation‘) from my youth, which was at the first among my own nation at Jerusalem, know all the Jews, who knew me from the beginning, if they would testify; that after the straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee;” Acts 26:4, Acts 26:5.
דור (dor) signifies age, duration, the time which one man or many together pass in this world, in this place; the course, tenor, or manner of life. The verb דור (dor) signifies, according to Castell, ordinatam vitam sive aetatem egit, ordinavit, ordine constituit. “He passed a certain course of life, he ordained,” etc. In Arabic, (curavitclass="translit"> administravit), “he took care of, administered to.”

The tomb therefore might with great propriety be called the high place. The Hebrews might also call such a tomb במות (bamoth), from the situation, for they generally chose to erect them on eminences. The sepulcher of Joseph of Arimathea, in which the body of Christ was laid, was upon a hill, Mount Calvary. See Isaiah 22:16 (note), and the note there.
“It should be observed that the word במותיו (bamothaiv) is not formed from במות (bamoth), the plural of במה (bamah), the feminine noun, but from במותים (bamothim), the plural of a masculine noun, במות (bamoth). This is noted because these two nouns have been negligently confounded with one another, and absurdly reduced to one by very learned men. So Buxtorf, lex. in voc. במה (bamah), represents במותי (bamotey), though plainly without any pronoun suffixed, as it governs the word ארץ (arets) following it, as only another form of במות (bamoth); whereas the truth is, that במות (bamoth) and במותים (bamothim) are different words, and have through the whole Bible very different significations; במה (bamah), whether occurring in the singular or plural number, always signifying a place or places of worship; and במותים (bamothim) always signifying heights. Thus in Deuteronomy 32:13; Isaiah 58:14; Amos 4:13; and Micah 1:3, במותי ארץ (bamothey arets) signifies ‹the heights of the earth;‘ Isaiah 14:14, במותי עב (bamothey ab), ‹the heights of the clouds;‘ and in Job 9:8, במותי ים (bamothey yam), ‹the heights of the sea,‘ i.e., the high waves of the sea, as Virgil calls a wave praeruptus aqua mons, ‹a broken mountain of water.‘ These being all the places where this word occurs without a suffix, the sense of it seems nearly determined by them. It occurs in other instances with a pronoun suffixed, which confirm this signification. Unluckily, our English Bible has not distinguished the feminine noun במה (bamah) from the masculine singular noun במות (bamoth); and has consequently always given the signification of the latter to the former, always rendering it a high place; whereas the true sense of the word appears plainly to be, in the very numerous passages in which it occurs, ‹a place of worship,‘ or ‹a sacred court,‘ or ‹a sacred inclosure;‘ whether appropriated to the worship of idols or to that of the true God, for it is used of both, passive. Now as the Jewish graves are shown, from 2 Chronicles 32:33, and Isaiah 22:16, to have been in high situations, to which may be added the custom of another eastern nation from Osbeck‘s Travels, who says, vol. 1 p. 339, ‹the Chinese graves are made on the side of hills;‘ ‹his heights‘ becomes a very easy metaphor to express ‹his sepulcher.‘” - Jubb.
The exact completion of this prophecy will be fully shown by adding here the several circumstances of the burial of Jesus, collected from the accounts of the evangelists: -
“There was a rich man of Arimathea, named Joseph, a member of the sanhedrin, and of a respectable character, who had not consented to their counsel and act; he went to Pilate and begged the body of Jesus: and he laid it in his own new tomb, which had been hewn out of the rock, near to the place where Jesus was crucified; having first wound it in fine linen with spices, as the manner of the Jews was to bury the rich and great.”

It has been supposed that קברו (kibro), his grave, and במתיו (bemothaiv), in his death, may have been transposed, as also the prefix ב (be) originally placed before רשעים (reshaim), the wicked. Thus: -


d מתיו את ברשעים ויתן
d
d (mothaiv) (eth) (bireshayim) (vaiyitten)
d
d
d
d קברו עשיר ואת
d
d (kibro) (ashir) (veeth)
d
d
Yea, his death was appointed among the wicked,
And with a rich man, his tomb.

By these alterations it is supposed the text would be freed from all embarrassment. But see the preceding notes of Bishop Lowth, and the various readings of De Rossi, in loc.

To grief “With affliction” - For החלי (hecheli), the verb, the construction of which seems to be hard and inelegant in this place, the Vulgate reads בחלי (bocholi), in infirmitate, “with infirmity.”

When thou shalt make his soul “If his soul shall make” - For תשים (tasim), a MS. has תשם (tasem), which may be taken passively, “If his soul shall be made” agreeably to some copies of the Septuagint, which have δωται See likewise the Syriac.

When thou shalt make his soul an offering - The word נפש dro (nephesh), soul, is frequently used in Hebrew to signify life. Throughout the New Testament the salvation of men is uniformly attributed to the death of Christ.

He shall see his seed - True converts, genuine Christians.

He shall prolong his days - Or this spiritual progeny shall prolong their days, i.e., Christianity shall endure to the end of time.

And the pleasure of the Lord - To have all men saved and brought to the knowledge of the truth.

Shall prosper in his hand - Shall go on in a state of progressive prosperity; and so completely has this been thus far accomplished, that every succeeding century has witnessed more Christianity in the world than the preceding, or any former one.

Shall be satisfied “And be satisfied” - The Septuagint, Vulgate, Sryiac, and a MS. add the conjunction to the verb, וישבע (vaigisba).

Shall my righteous servant justify “Shall my servant justify” - Three MSS., (two of them ancient), omit the word צדיק (tsaddik); it seems to be only an imperfect repetition, by mistake, of the preceding word. It makes a solecism in this place; for according to the constant usage of the Hebrew language, the adjective, in a phrase of this kind, ought to follow the substantive; and צדיק עבדי (tsaddik abdi), in Hebrew, would be as absurd as “shall my servant righteous justify,” in English. Add to this, that it makes the hemistich too long.

He bare the sin of many - רבים (rabbim), the multitudes, the many that were made sinners by the offenses of one; i.e., the whole human race; for all have sinned - all have fallen; and for all that have sinned, and for all that have fallen, Jesus Christ died. The רבים (rabbim) of the prophet answers to the οἱ πολλοι , of the apostle, Romans 5:15, Romans 5:19. As the πολλοι of the apostle means all that have sinned; so the רבים (rabbim) of the prophet means those for whom Christ died; i.e., all that have sinned.

And made intercession for the transgressors - For יפגיע (yaphgia), in the future, a MS. has הפגיע (hiphgia), preterite, rather better, as agreeable with the other verbs immediately preceding in the sentence.
He made intercession for the transgressors. - This was literally fulfilled at his death, “Father, forgive them; they know not what they do!” Luke 23:34. And to make intercession for transgressors is one part of his mediatorial offlce. Hebrews 7:25, and Hebrews 9:24.
In this chapter the incarnation, preaching, humiliation, rejection, sufferings, death, atonement, resurrection, and mediation of Jesus Christ are all predicted, together with the prevalence of his Gospel, and the extension of his kingdom through all ages.

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