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Ezra 4
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The Holy Bible, New International Version®

Book of Ezra
Chapter 4
4:1 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] When the enemies of Judah and Benjamin heard that the exiles were building a temple for the LORD, the God of Israel,	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:1 BCC -> Commentary on 4:1 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:1 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:1 JFB -> Commentary on 4:1 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:1 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:1 TSK -> Entry for 4:1 WEN -> Notes on 4:1 NTB -> Church; Falsehood; Israel, Prophecies Concerning; Jeshua; Joshua; Malice; Persecution; Temple TCR -> Temple; Worship TTT -> Temple, The Second ATS -> Benjamin; Darius; Samaritans HBD -> Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Nethinim; Persia; Samaria, Samaritans; Shimshai; Temple Of Jerusalem; Zerubbabel
4:2 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] they came to Zerubbabel and to the heads of the families and said, "Let us help you build because, like you, we seek your God and have been sacrificing to him since the time of Esarhaddon king of Assyria, who brought us here."	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:2 BCC -> Commentary on 4:2 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:2 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:2 JFB -> Commentary on 4:2 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:2 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:2 SRN -> Study Notes on 4:2 TSK -> Entry for 4:2 WEN -> Notes on 4:2 NTB -> Esar-Haddon (Esarhaddon); Jeshua; Joshua; Zerubbabel TCR -> Samaritans TTT -> Samaria, Modern; Seeking God; Temple, The Second ATS -> Darius; Esar-Haddon; Samaritans; Zerubbabel Or Zorobabel BED -> Ezra, Theology of EBD -> Esarhaddon; Israel, Kingdom of; Samaritans HBD -> Assur; Esarhaddon; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Nethinim; Persia; Samaria, Samaritans; Temple Of Jerusalem; Zerubbabel SBD -> Assur
4:3 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] But Zerubbabel, Jeshua and the rest of the heads of the families of Israel answered, "You have no part with us in building a temple to our God. We alone will build it for the LORD, the God of Israel, as King Cyrus, the king of Persia, commanded us."	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:3 BCC -> Commentary on 4:3 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:3 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:3 JFB -> Commentary on 4:3 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:3 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:3 TSK -> Entry for 4:3 WEN -> Notes on 4:3 NTB -> Cyrus; Jeshua; Joshua; Persia; Zerubbabel TCR -> Association-Separation; Cyrus; Jeshua; Joshua; Samaritans; Separation TTT -> Temple, The Second ATS -> Darius; Jeshua; Samaritans EBD -> Cyrus HBD -> Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Nethinim; Persia; Samaria, Samaritans; Temple Of Jerusalem; Zerubbabel SBD -> Cyrus
4:4 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] Then the peoples around them set out to discourage the people of Judah and make them afraid to go on building. F7	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:4 BCC -> Commentary on 4:4 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:4 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:4 JFB -> Commentary on 4:4 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:4 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:4 TSK -> Entry for 4:4 WEN -> Notes on 4:4 NTB -> Joshua; Lobbying TCR -> Helps-Hindrances; Hindrances; Opposers TTT -> Temple, The Second ATS -> Darius; SamaritansSamaritans HBD -> Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; People Of The Land; Persia; Temple Of Jerusalem; Zerubbabel
4:5 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] They hired counselors to work against them and frustrate their plans during the entire reign of Cyrus king of Persia and down to the reign of Darius king of Persia.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:5 BCC -> Commentary on 4:5 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:5 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:5 JFB -> Commentary on 4:5 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:5 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:5 TSK -> Entry for 4:5 WEN -> Notes on 4:5 NTB -> Joshua; Lobbying TTT -> Temple, The Second ATS -> Darius; Samaritans EBD -> Temple, the Second HBD -> Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Temple Of Jerusalem; Wages; Zerubbabel
4:6 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] At the beginning of the reign of Xerxes, F8 they lodged an accusation against the people of Judah and Jerusalem.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:6 BCC -> Commentary on 4:6 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:6 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:6 JFB -> Commentary on 4:6 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:6 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:6 SRN -> Study Notes on 4:6 TSK -> Entry for 4:6 WEN -> Notes on 4:6 NTB -> Accusation, False; Joshua TTT -> Medo-Persian Kingdom; Temple, The Second ATS -> Ahasuerus; Darius; Persia; Samaritans EBD -> Ahasuerus HBD -> Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Zerubbabel SBD -> Ahashverosh; Ahasuerus; Persia
4:7 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] And in the days of Artaxerxes king of Persia, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel and the rest of his associates wrote a letter to Artaxerxes. The letter was written in Aramaic script and in the Aramaic language. F9 F10	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:7 BCC -> Commentary on 4:7 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:7 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:7 JFB -> Commentary on 4:7 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:7 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:7 SRN -> Study Notes on 4:7 TSK -> Entry for 4:7 WEN -> Notes on 4:7 NTB -> Accusation, False; Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Language; Mithredath; Persia; Tabeel TTT -> Language; Medo-Persian Kingdom; Slander; Syria; Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Darius; Persia; Samaritans EBD -> Artaxerxes; Mithredath; Syriac; Tabeel HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Mithredath; Persia; Tabeel SBD -> Artaxerxes; Governor; Mithredath; Shimsha-i, or Shimshai; Tabel-el
4:8 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] Rehum the commanding officer and Shimshai the secretary wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king as follows:	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:8 BCC -> Commentary on 4:8 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:8 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:8 JFB -> Commentary on 4:8 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:8 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:8 TSK -> Entry for 4:8 WEN -> Notes on 4:8 NTB -> Accusation, False; Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Chancellor; Government; Persia; Rehum; Shimshai TTT -> Slander; Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Letters; Samaritans EBD -> Chaldee language; Chancellor; Rehum; Shimshai HBD -> Artaxerxes; Chancellor; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum SBD -> Rehum; Shimsha-i, or Shimshai
4:9 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] Rehum the commanding officer and Shimshai the secretary, together with the rest of their associates - the judges and officials over the men from Tripolis, Persia, F11 Erech and Babylon, the Elamites of Susa,	Study Resource List BCC -> Commentary on 4:9 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:9 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:9 JFB -> Commentary on 4:9 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:9 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:9 TSK -> Entry for 4:9 WEN -> Notes on 4:9 NTB -> Accusation, False; Apharsathchites; Apharsites; Archevites; Artaxerxes; Ava; Babylon; Bishlam; Chancellor; Colonization; Dehavites; Government; Persia; Rehum; Samaria; Shimshai; Susanchites; Tarpelites TTT -> Samaria, Modern; Slander; Temple, The Second ATS -> Apharasachites; Apharasachites; Artaxerxes; Dehavites; Samaritans EBD -> Apharsites; Archevite; Chancellor; Dehavites; Erech; Rehum; Samaritans; Shimshai; Susanchites HBD -> Apharsachites; Apharsites; Artaxerxes; Chancellor; Dehavite; Dinaite; Elam; Erech; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum; Samaria, Samaritans; Tarpelites SBD -> Apharsathchites, Apharsites, Apharsacites; Archevites; Babylonians; Dehavites; Dinaites; Elamites; Rehum; Susanchites; Tarpelites, The
4:10 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] and the other people whom the great and honorable Ashurbanipal F12 deported and settled in the city of Samaria and elsewhere in Trans-Euphrates.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:10 BCC -> Commentary on 4:10 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:10 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:10 JFB -> Commentary on 4:10 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:10 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:10 TSK -> Entry for 4:10 WEN -> Notes on 4:10 NTB -> Accusation, False; Artaxerxes; Asnapper; Babylon; Bishlam; Colonization; Cuth; Esar-Haddon (Esarhaddon); Persia; Samaria; Susanchites TTT -> Assyria; Samaria, Modern; Slander; Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Asnapper; Samaritans EBD -> Asnapper; Assyria; Israel, Kingdom of; Rehum; Samaritans HBD -> Artaxerxes; Ashurbanipal; Asnapper; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Osnapper; Persia; Rehum; Rivers And Waterways In The Bible; Samaria, Samaritans SBD -> Asnapper
4:11 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] (This is a copy of the letter they sent him.) To King Artaxerxes, From your servants, the men of Trans-Euphrates:	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:11 BCC -> Commentary on 4:11 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:11 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:11 JFB -> Commentary on 4:11 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:11 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:11 WEN -> Notes on 4:11 NTB -> Accusation, False; Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia TTT -> Slander; Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Rehum HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum; Rivers And Waterways In The Bible
4:12 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] The king should know that the Jews who came up to us from you have gone to Jerusalem and are rebuilding that rebellious and wicked city. They are restoring the walls and repairing the foundations.	Study Resource List BCC -> Commentary on 4:12 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:12 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:12 JFB -> Commentary on 4:12 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:12 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:12 TSK -> Entry for 4:12 WEN -> Notes on 4:12 NTB -> Accusation, False; Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia TTT -> Foundation; Slander; Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Jew; Rehum HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum; Rivers And Waterways In The Bible SBD -> Dung
4:13 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] Furthermore, the king should know that if this city is built and its walls are restored, no more taxes, tribute or duty will be paid, and the royal revenues will suffer.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:13 BCC -> Commentary on 4:13 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:13 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:13 JFB -> Commentary on 4:13 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:13 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:13 TSK -> Entry for 4:13 WEN -> Notes on 4:13 NTB -> Accusation, False; Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia TTT -> Slander; Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Rehum; Toll HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum; Rivers And Waterways In The Bible SBD -> Shimsha-i, or Shimshai
4:14 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] Now since we are under obligation to the palace and it is not proper for us to see the king dishonored, we are sending this message to inform the king,	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:14 BCC -> Commentary on 4:14 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:14 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:14 JFB -> Commentary on 4:14 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:14 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:14 TSK -> Entry for 4:14 WEN -> Notes on 4:14 NTB -> Accusation, False; Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia TTT -> Palaces; Salt; Slander; Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Salt; Samaritans EBD -> Rehum; Salt HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum SBD -> Governor; Palace; Salt
4:15 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] so that a search may be made in the archives of your predecessors. In these records you will find that this city is a rebellious city, troublesome to kings and provinces, a place of rebellion from ancient times. That is why this city was destroyed.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:15 BCC -> Commentary on 4:15 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:15 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:15 JFB -> Commentary on 4:15 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:15 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:15 TSK -> Entry for 4:15 WEN -> Notes on 4:15 NTB -> Accusation, False; Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia TTT -> Books; Slander; Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Rehum HBD -> Artaxerxes; Book; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; House Of The Rolls; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Library; Persia; Rehum; Sedition SBD -> Dung
4:16 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] We inform the king that if this city is built and its walls are restored, you will be left with nothing in Trans-Euphrates.	Study Resource List BCC -> Commentary on 4:16 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:16 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:16 JFB -> Commentary on 4:16 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:16 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:16 TSK -> Entry for 4:16 WEN -> Notes on 4:16 NTB -> Accusation, False; Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia TTT -> Slander; Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Rehum HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum
4:17 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] The king sent this reply: To Rehum the commanding officer, Shimshai the secretary and the rest of their associates living in Samaria and elsewhere in Trans-Euphrates: Greetings.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:17 BCC -> Commentary on 4:17 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:17 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:17 JFB -> Commentary on 4:17 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:17 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:17 TSK -> Entry for 4:17 WEN -> Notes on 4:17 NTB -> Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Chancellor; Persia; Rehum; Shimshai ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Chancellor; Darius; Rehum; Shimshai HBD -> Artaxerxes; Chancellor; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Greeting; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum SBD -> Persia; Rehum; Shimsha-i, or Shimshai
4:18 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] The letter you sent us has been read and translated in my presence.	Study Resource List BCC -> Commentary on 4:18 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:18 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:18 JFB -> Commentary on 4:18 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:18 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:18 WEN -> Notes on 4:18 NTB -> Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Darius; Rehum; Shimshai HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum SBD -> Persia
4:19 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] I issued an order and a search was made, and it was found that this city has a long history of revolt against kings and has been a place of rebellion and sedition.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:19 BCC -> Commentary on 4:19 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:19 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:19 JFB -> Commentary on 4:19 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:19 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:19 TSK -> Entry for 4:19 WEN -> Notes on 4:19 NTB -> Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Darius; Rehum; Shimshai HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Insurrection; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum SBD -> Persia
4:20 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] Jerusalem has had powerful kings ruling over the whole of Trans-Euphrates, and taxes, tribute and duty were paid to them.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:20 BCC -> Commentary on 4:20 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:20 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:20 JFB -> Commentary on 4:20 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:20 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:20 TSK -> Entry for 4:20 WEN -> Notes on 4:20 NTB -> Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Darius; Governor; Rehum; Shimshai HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum SBD -> Persia
4:21 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] Now issue an order to these men to stop work, so that this city will not be rebuilt until I so order.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:21 BCC -> Commentary on 4:21 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:21 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:21 JFB -> Commentary on 4:21 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:21 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:21 SRN -> Study Notes on 4:21 TSK -> Entry for 4:21 WEN -> Notes on 4:21 NTB -> Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Darius; Rehum; Shimshai HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum SBD -> Persia
4:22 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] Be careful not to neglect this matter. Why let this threat grow, to the detriment of the royal interests?	Study Resource List BCC -> Commentary on 4:22 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:22 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:22 JFB -> Commentary on 4:22 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:22 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:22 TSK -> Entry for 4:22 WEN -> Notes on 4:22 NTB -> Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Darius; Rehum; Shimshai HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum SBD -> Persia
4:23 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] As soon as the copy of the letter of King Artaxerxes was read to Rehum and Shimshai the secretary and their associates, they went immediately to the Jews in Jerusalem and compelled them by force to stop.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:23 BCC -> Commentary on 4:23 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:23 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:23 JFB -> Commentary on 4:23 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:23 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:23 TSK -> Entry for 4:23 WEN -> Notes on 4:23 NTB -> Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia; Rehum; Shimshai ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Rehum; Shimshai HBD -> Artaxerxes; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum SBD -> Rehum; Shimsha-i, or Shimshai
4:24 - [ In Context | Read Chapter | Discuss this Verse ] [ Multi-Translation ] Thus the work on the house of God in Jerusalem came to a standstill until the second year of the reign of Darius king of Persia.	Study Resource List ACC -> Commentary on 4:24 BCC -> Commentary on 4:24 GEB -> Study Notes on 4:24 GSB -> Study Notes on 4:24 JFB -> Commentary on 4:24 MHC-COM -> Commentary on 4:24 MHC-CON -> Commentary on 4:24 TSK -> Entry for 4:24 WEN -> Notes on 4:24 NTB -> Artaxerxes; Bishlam; Persia; Temple; Zechariah (Zecharias) TTT -> Temple, The Second ATS -> Artaxerxes; Samaritans EBD -> Rehum HBD -> Artaxerxes; Chronology Of The Biblical Period; Exile; Ezra, Book Of; Languages Of The Bible; Letter; Persia; Rehum; Zerubbabel
FOOTNOTES: F7 Or and troubled them as they built F8 Hebrew Ahasuerus, a variant of Xerxes' Persian name F9 Or written in Aramaic and translated F10 The text of Ezra 4:8--6:18 is in Aramaic. F11 Or officials, magistrates and governors over the men from F12 Aramaic Osnappar, a variant of Ashurbanipal

Abbreviations Legend: ACC - Adam Clark Commentary; BCC - Burton Coffman; GEB - Gill's Exposition; GSB - Geneva Study Bible; JFB - Jamieson, Fausset, Brown; MHC-COM - Matthew Henry Complete; MHC-CON - Matthew Henry Concise; SRN - Scofield Reference Notes; TSK - Treasury of Scripture Knowledge; WEN - Wesley's Explanatory Notes; NTB - Nave's Topical Bible; TCR - Thompson Chain Reference; TSK - Treasury of Scripture Knowledge; TTT - Torrey's Topical Textbook; ATS - ATS Bible Dictionary; BED - Baker's Evangelical Dictionary; EBD - Easton's Bible Dictionary; HBD - Holman Bible Dictionary; SBD - Smith's Bible Dictionary; Copyright Statement: The Holy Bible, New International Version® THE HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION® NIV® Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide. The text may be quoted in any form (written, visual, electronic or audio), up to and inclusive of five hundred (500) verses without the express written permission of the publisher, providing the verses quoted do not amount to a complete book of the Bible nor do the verses quoted account for 25 percent (25%) or more of the total text of the work in which they are quoted. Permission requests that exceed the above guidelines must be directed to, and approved in writing by, International Bible Society®, 1820 Jet Stream Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80921, USA.