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The name of " American Indians " for the aborigines of America had its origin in the use by Columbus, in a letter (February 1493) written "Ameri- soon after the discovery of the New World, of the term Indios (i.e. natives of India) for the hitherto unknown human beings, some of whom he brought back to Europe with him. He believed, as did the people of his age in general, that the islands which he had discovered by sailing westward across the Atlantic were actually a part of India, a mistaken idea which later served to suggest many absurd theories of the origin of the aborigines, their customs, languages, culture, &c. From Spanish the word, with its incorrect connotation, passed into French ( Indien ), Italian and Portuguese (Indio ), German (Indianer ), Dutch (Indiane ), &c. When the New World came to be known as America, the natives received, in English especially, the name " American Indians," to distinguish them from the " Indians " of south-eastern Asia and the East Indies. The appellation " Americans " was for a long time used in English to designate, not the European colonists, but the aborigines, and when, in 1891, Dr D. G. Brinton published his notable monograph on the Indians he entitled it The American Race, recalling the early employment of the term. The awkwardness of such a term as " American Indian," both historically and linguistically, led Major J. W. Powell, the founder of the Bureau of American Ethnology, to put forward as a substitute " Amerind," an arbitrary curtailment which had the advantage of lending itself easily to form words necessary and useful in ethnological writings, e.g. pre-Amerind, post-Amerind, pseudo-Amerind, Amerindish, Amerindize, &c. Purists have objected strenuously to " Amerind," but the word already has a certain vogue in both English and French. Indeed, Professor A. H. Keane does not hesitate, in The World's Peoples (London, 1908), to use " Amerinds " in lieu of " American Indians." Other popular terms for the American Indians, which have more or less currency, are " Red race," " Red men," " Redskins," the last not in such good repute as the corresponding German Rothdute, or French Peaux-rouges, which have scientific standing. The term " American Indians " covers all the aborigines of the New World past and present, so far as is known, although some European writers, especially in France, still seek to separate from the " Redskins " the Aztecs, Mayas, Peruvians, &c., and some American authorities would (anatomically at least) rank the Eskimo as distinct from the Indian proper. When the name " Indian " came to be used by the European colonists and their descendants, they did not confine it to " wild men," but applied it to many things that were wild, strange, nonEuropean in the new environment (see Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore, 1902, pp. 107-116; Handbook of Amer. Inds., 1907, pt. i. pp. 605-607). Thus more than one hundred popular names of plants in use in American English (e.g. " Indian corn," " Indian pink," &c.) contain references to the Indian in this way; also many other things, such as " Indian file," " Indian ladder," " Indian gift," " Indian pudding," " Indian summer." The CanadianFrench, who termed the Indian sauvage (i.e. " savage "), remembered him linguistically in botte sauvage (moccasin), traine sauvage (toboggan). The term " Siwash," in use in the Chinook jargon of the North Pacific coast, and also in the English of that region, for " Indian "is merely a corruption of this CanadianFrench appellation. In the literature relating to the Pacific coast there is mention even of " Siwash Indians." Throughout Canada and the United States the term " Indian " occurs in hundreds of place-names of all sorts (" Indian River," " Indian Head," " Indian Bay," " Indian Hill," and the like). There are besides these Indiana and its capital Indianapolis. In Newfoundland " Red Indian," as the special term for the Beothuks, forms part of a number of place-names. Pope's characterization of the American aborigine, " Lo! the poor Indian, whose untutor'd mind Sees God in clouds, or hears Him in the wind," is responsible for the creation in the mind of the people of a Mr Lo," who figures in newspaper lore, cartoons, &c. The reputations, deserved and undeserved, of certain Indian tribes north of Mexico have been such that their names have passed into English or into the languages of other civilized nations of Europe as synonyms for " ruffian," " thug," " rowdy," &c. Recently " les Apaches " have been the terror of certain districts of Paris, as were the " Mohocks " (Mohawks) for certain parts of London toward the close of the 18th century.

The North American Indians have been the subject of numerous popular fallacies, some of which have gained world-wide currency. Here belongs a mass of pseudo-scientific and thoroughly unscientific literature embodying absurd and extravagant theories and speculations as to the origin of the aborigines and their " civilizations "which derive them (in most extraordinary ways sometimes), in recent or in remote antiquity, from all regions of the Old World - Egypt and Carthage, Phoenicia and Canaan, Asia Minor and the Caucasus, Assyria and Babylonia, Persia and India, Central Asia and Siberia, China and Tibet, Korea, Japan, the East Indies, Polynesia, Greece and ancient Celtic Europe and even medieval Ireland and Wales. Favourite theories of this sort have made the North American aborigines the descendants of refugees from sunken Atlantis, Tatar warriors, Malayo-Polynesian sea-farers, Hittite immigrants from Syria, the " Lost Ten Tribes of Israel," &c., or attributed their social, religious and political ideas and institutions to the advent of stray junks from Japan, Buddhist votaries from south-eastern Asia, missionaries from early Christian Europe, Norse vikings, Basque fishermen and the like.

Particularly interesting are the theories of " Welsh (or white) Indians " and the " Lost Ten Tribes." The myth of the " Welsh Indians," reputed to be the descendants of a colony founded about A.D. 1170 by Prince Madoc (well known from Southey's poem), has been studied by James Mooney (Amer. Anthrop. iv., 1891, 393-394), who traces its development from statements in an article in The Turkish Spy, published in London about 1730. At first these " Welsh Indians," who are subsequently described as speaking Welsh, possessing Welsh Bibles, beads, crucifixes, &c., are placed near the Atlantic coast and identified with the Tuscaroras, an Iroquoian tribe, but by 1776 they had retreated inland to the banks of the Missouri above St Louis. A few years later they were far up the Red river, continuing, as time went on, to recede farther and farther westward, being identified successively with the Mandans, in whose language Catlin thought he detected a Welsh element, the Mogul., a Pueblos tribe of north-eastern Arizona, and the Modocs (here the name was believed to re-echo Madoc) of south-western Oregon, until at last they vanished over the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The theory that the American Indians were the " Lost Ten Tribes of Israel " has not yet entirely disappeared from ethnological literature. Many of the identities and resemblances in ideas, customs and institutions between the American Indians and the ancient Hebrews, half-knowledge or distorted views of which formed the basis of the theory, are discussed, and their real significance pointed out by Colonel Garrick Mallery in his valuable address on " Israelite and Indian: A Parallel in Planes of Culture " ( Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. vol. xxxviii., 1889, pp. 287-331). The whole subject has been discussed by Professor H. W. Henshaw in his " Popular Fallacies respecting the Indians " ( Amer. Anthrop. vol. vii. n.s., 1905, pp. 104-113).

Of ways of classifying the races of mankind and their subdivisions the number is great, but that which measures them by their speech is both ancient and convenient. The multiplicity of languages among the American Indians was one of the first things that struck the earliest investigators of a scientific turn of mind, no less than the missionaries who preceded them. The Abbe Hervas, the first serious student of the primitive tongues of the New World, from the classificatory point of view, noted this multiplicity of languages in his Catalogo delle lingue conosciute e notizia della loro of nitet e diversit¢ (Cesena, 1784); and after him Balbi, Adelung and others. About the same time in America Thomas Jefferson, who besides being a statesman was also a considerable naturalist (see Amer. Anthrop. ix. n.s., 1907, 499-5 0 9), was impressed by the same fact, and in his Notes on the State of Virginia observed that for one " radical language " in Asia there would be found probably twenty in America. Jefferson himself collected and arranged (the MSS. were afterwards lost) the vocabularies of about fifty Indian languages and dialects, and so deserves rank among the forerunners of the modern American school of comparative philologists. After Jefferson came Albert Gallatin, who had been his secretary of the treasury, as a student of American Indian languages in the larger sense. He had also himself collected a number of Indian vocabularies. Gallatin's work is embodied in the well-known " Synopsis of the Indian Tribes within the United States East of the Rocky Mountains, and in the British and Russian Possessions in North America," published in the Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society (ii. 1-422) for 1836. In this, really the first attempt in America to classify on a linguistic basis the chief Indian tribes of the better-known regions of North America, Gallatin enumerated the following twenty-nine separate divisions: Adaize, Algonkin-Lenape, Athapascas, Atnas, Attacapas, Blackfeet, Caddoes, Catawbas, Chahtas, Cherokees, Chetimachas, Chinooks, Eskimaux, Fall Indians, Iroquois, Kinai, Koulischen, Muskhogee, Natches, Pawnees, Queen Charlotte's Island, Salish, Salmon River (Friendly Village), Shoshonees, Sioux, Straits of Fuca, Utchees, Wakash, Woccons. These do not all represent distinct linguistic stocks, as may be seen by comparison with the list given below; such peoples as the Caddo and Pawnee are now known to belong together, the Blackfeet are Algonkian, the Catawba Siouan, the Adaize Caddoan, the Natchez Muskogian, &c. But the monograph is a very good first attempt at classifying North American Indian languages.

Gallatin's coloured map of the distribution of the Indian tribes in question is also a pioneer piece of work. In 1840 George Bancroft, in the third volume of his History of the Colonization of the United States, discussed the Indian tribes east of the Mississippi, listing the following eight families: Algonquin, Catawba, Cherokee, Huron-Iroquois, Mobilian (Choctaw and Muskhogee), Natchez, Sioux or Dahcota, Uchee. He gives also linguistic map, modified somewhat from that of Gallatin. The next work of great importance in American comparative philology is Horatio Hale's monograph forming the sixth volume (Phila., 1846), Ethnography and Philology, of the publications of the " United States Exploring Expedition, during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1842, under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S. Navy," which added much to our knowledge of the languages of the Indians of the Pacific coast regions. Two years later Gallatin published in the second volume of the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society (New York) a monograph entitled " Hale's Indians of North-west America, and Vocabularies of North America," in which he recognized the following additional groups: Arrapahoes, Jakon, Kalapuya, Kitunaha, Lutuami, Palainih, Sahaptin, Saste, Waiilatpu. In 1853 he contributed a brief paper to the third volume of Schoolcraft's Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, adding to the "families" already recognized by him the following: Cumanches, Gros Ventres, Kaskaias, Kiaways, Natchitoches, Towiacks, Ugaljachmutzi. Some modifications in the original list were also made. During the period1853-1877many contributions to the classification of the Indian languages of North America, those of the west and the north-west in particular, were made by Gibbs, Latham, Turner, Buschmann, Hayden, Dall, Powers, Powell and Gatschet. The next important step, and the most scientific, was taken by Major J. W. Powell, who contributed to the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1885-1886 (Washington, 1891) his classic monograph (pp. 1-142) on " Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico." In 1891 also appeared Dr D. G. Brinton's The American Race: A Linguistic Classification and Ethnographic Description of the Native Tribes of North and South America (New York, p. 392). With these two works the adoption of language as the means of distinction and classification of the American aborigines north of Mexico for scientific purposes became fixed. Powell, using the vocabulary as the test of relationship or difference, enumerated, in the area considered, 58 separate linguistic stocks, or families of speech, each " as distinct from one another in their vocabularies and apparently in their origin as from the Aryan or the Scythian families " (p. 26).

The 58 distinct linguistic stocks of American Indians north of Mexico, recognized by Powell, were as follows: (1) Adaizan; (2) Algonquian; (3) Athapascan; (4) Attacapan; (5) Beothukan; (6) Caddoan; (7) Chimakuan; (8) Chimarikan; (9) Chimmesyan; (io) Chinookan; (r1) Chitimachan; (12) Chumashan; (13) Coahuiltecan; (14) Copehan; (15) Costanoan; (16) Eskimauan; (r7) Esselenian; (18) Iroquoian; (iv) Kalapooian; (20) Karankawan; (21) Keresan; (22) Kiowan; (23) Kitunahan; (24) Koluschan; (25) Kulanapan; (26) Kusan; (27) Lutuamian; (28) Mariposan; (29) Moquelumnan; (30) Muskhogean; (31) Natchesan; (32) Palaihnihan; (33) Piman; (34) Pujunan; (35) Quoratean; (36) Salinan; (37) Salishan; (38) Sastean; (39) Shahaptian; (40) Shoshonean; (41) Siouan; (42) Skittagetan; (43) Takilman; (44) Tanoan; (45) Timuquanan; (46) Tonikan; (47) Tonkawan; (48) Uchean; (49) Waiilatpuan; (50) Wakashan; (51) Washoan; (52) Weitspekan; (53) Wishoskan; (54) Yakonan; (J5) Yanan; (56) Yukian; (S7) Yuman; (58) Zunian.

This has been the working-list of students of American Indian languages, but since its appearance the scientific investigations of Boas, Gatschet, Dorsey, Fletcher, Mooney, Hewitt, Hale, Morice, Henshaw, Hodge, Matthews, Kroeber, Dixon, Goddard, Swanton and others have added much to our knowledge, and not a few serious modifications of Powell's classification have resulted. With Powell's monograph was published a coloured map showing the distribution of all the linguistic stocks of Indians north of Mexico. Of this a revised edition accompanies the Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, published by the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1907-1910, now the standard book of reference on the subject. The chief modifications made in Powell's list are as follows: The temporary presence in a portion of south-west Florida of a new stock, the Arawakan, is now proved. The Adaizan language has been shown to belong to the Caddoan family; the Natchez to the Muskogian; the Palaihnian to the Shastan; the Piman to the Shoshonian. The nomenclature of Powell's classification has never been completely satisfactory to American philologists, and a movement is now well under way (see Amer. Anthrop. vii. n.s., 1905, 579-593) to improve it. In the present article the writer has adopted some of the suggestions made by a committee of the American Anthropological Society in 1907, covering several of the points in question.

Stock.	Area.	Earliest Home	Tribes, &c.	Population.
I. ALGONKIAN.	Most of N. and E. North America, between lat. 35°	N. of the St Lawrence and E. of	Some 50-60, with many minor	About 90,000, of which some50,000
	and S5°; centred in the region of the Great Lakes and Hudson's	LakeOntario (Brinton); N.W. of the Great Lakes	groups.	in Canada.
	Bay.	(Thomas).
2. ARAWAKAN.	Within the terri-	Central South	Small colony	Extinct about
	tory of the Calu- s as in S.W.	America.	from Cuba.	end of 16th century.
	Florida.
3. ATAKAPAN.	In part of S.W.	Somewhere in	2.	Practically
	Louisiana and	E. or N.E.		extinct; in
	N.E. Texas.	Texas.		1885 4 indi- viduals liv- ing in
				Louisiana, and 5 in
				Texas.
4.ATHABASKAN.	Interior of Alaska and Canada; W.	Interior of Alaska or	Some 5 o, withnumer	About 54,000, of which
	of Hudson's Bay	N.W. Can-	ous minor	some 20,000
	and N. of the	ada.	groups.	in Canada.
	Algonkian; also represented in
	Oregon, Cali- fornia, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and northern Mexico.
5. BEOTHUKAN.	Newfoundland.	Some part of Newfound- land or Lab- rador.	Local settle- mentsonly,	Extinct; last representa- tive died in 1829.
6. CADDOAN.	Country between the Arkansas and Colorado rivers in Louisiana, Texas, &c., par- ticularly on the	On the lower Red River, or, perhaps, somewhere to the S.W.	Some 12-15.	About 2000.
	Red River and its affluents; later also in Kansas, Nebraska, Da- kota, and Okla- homa.
7. CHEMAKUAN.	On the N.W. shore of Puget Sound, Washington; also on Pacific coast, near Cape Flat- tery.	Some part of N.W. Wash- ington.	2.	About zoo.
8. CHIMARIKAN.	III N. California, on Trinity river, N.W. of the Copehan.	Somewhere in N.California.	a.	Practically extinct; in 1903 only 9 individu a I s reported living.
9. CHINOOKAN.	On the 1 ow e r	N. of the Col-	Some to or	About 300.
	Columbia river, from the Cascades to the Pacific	umbia, in W. Washington.	12 with nu- merous vil- lages.
	Ocean; on the coast, N. to Shoal- water Bay and S. to 'Tillamook
	Head,inWashing- ton and Oregon.
IO.CHITIMACHAN.	Part of S.E. Louisi-	Region of	I.	Nearly ex-
	ana.	Grand Lake and river, Louisiana.		tinct; in 1881 only So indi- viduals sur- viving.
II. CHUMASHAN.	In S.W. California, S. of the Salinan	Somewhere in S. W. Cali-	7 or more dialects .	Nearly ex- tinct; only
	and Mariposan;	fornia.	with many	15-20 indi-
	in the basins of		small settle-	viduals still
	the Sta Maria, Sta Inez, lower		ments.	living.
	Sta Clara, &c., on the coast, and the northernSta.
	Barbara Islands.
12. COPEHAN	In central N. Cali-	Somewhere in	2 chief di-	About 130 at
(Wintun).	fornia, W. of the	N.California.	visions,with	various vil-
	Pujunan; W. of		many small	lages, and
	the Coast range, from San Pablo and Suisun Bays N. to Mount		settlements.	as many on Round Val- ley Reserva- tion.
	Shasta.
13. COSTANOAN.	In the coast region	Somewhere in	No true	Nearly ex-
	of central Cali-	central Cali-	tribes, but	tinct; only
	fornia, N. of the	fornia.	15-20 settle-	25 or 30 indi-
	Salinan; from about San Fran- cisco S. to Point		ments.	viduals still living.
	Sur and Big
	Panoche Creek,			Stock. Area. Earliest Home. Tribes, &c. Population. and from the Pacific Ocean to the San Joaquin river. 14. ESKIMOAN. Greenlandandsome of the Arctic Interior of Alaska 9 well- marked About 28,000, of which islands, the whole northern coast N. (Rink); in the region g r o u p s, with 60-70 there are in Green- of the Alonkian W. of Hud- "set t 1 e- land I I,000 and Athabaskan, from the straits of Belle Isle to the son's Bay (Boas); pre- ferably the ments," &c. Alas k a 1 3, 0 0 0 , Canada endoftheAleutian latter. 4500, and Islands; also in extreme N.E. Asia 1200. Asia W. to the Anadyr river; in E. North America in earlier times possibly consider- ablyfarthersouth. 15. ESSELENIAN. On the coast of W. Somewhere in Many small Extinct; last California, S. of W. or central settlements. speaker of Monterey, N. of the Salinan. California. language died about 1890. 16. HAIDAN(Skit- tagetan). The Queen Char- lotte Islands, off Interior of Alaska or 2 dialects; about 25 About 900, of which the N.W. coast N.W. Can- c hi e f 300 are in of British Colum- bia, and part of the Prince of Wales Archi- pelago, Alaska. ada. " towns," and many minor set- tlements. Alaska. 17. IROQUOIAN. The region about Lakes Erie and Somewhere be- tween the Some Ischief tribes with About 40,000, of which Ontario (Ontario, New York, Penn- sylvania, Ohio, &c.),and on both lower St L a wren ce and Hub- son's Bay many minor subdivisions, Io,000 are in Canada; of those in the United banks of the St Lawrence, on the (Brinton, Hale); in S. States 28,000 are Chero- N. to beyond the Ohio and kee. Saguenay, on the Kentucky S. to Gaspe; also represented in the (B o y 1 e , Thomas). S.E.United States by the Tuscarora, Cherokee, &c. (now chiefly in Oklahoma). 18. KALAPUYAN. In N.W. Oregon, in the valley of Somewhere in N.W. Ore- About 15-18, withminor Only some 140 indi- the Willamette, above the Falls. gon. divisions. viduals still living. 19. KARANKAWAN. On the Texas coast, from Galveston to Somewhere in S. Texas. 5-6, with minor divi- Extinct prob- ably in 1858; Padre Island. sions. a few sur- vived later, possibly, in Mexico. 20. KERESAN. In N. central New Somewhere in 17 "villages" 3990, in 6 Mexico, on the the New (pueblos); pueblos Rio Grande and Mexico- earliermore. (some 150 its tributaries- the Jemez, San Jose, &c. Arizona region. at Isleta). 21. KIOWAN. On the upper Ark- At the foot of I. 1219 in Okla- ansas and Can- adian rivers, in Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, &c.; formerly on the head-waters of the Platte, and still earlier on the upper Yellowstone and Missouri, in the Rocky Mountain s i n S. W. Montana. homa. S.W. Montana. 22. KITUNAHAN. In S.E. British Col- Somewhere E. 2 chief divi- About IIoo; umbia, N. Idaho, and part of N.W. of the Rocky Mountains in sions and 3 others. half in Canada and Montana. Montana or half in the Alberta. United States. 23. KOLUSCHAN On the coast and Somewhere in Some 12-15. About 2000. (Tlingit). adjacent islands of S. Alaska, from 55° to 60° N. lat.; also some in the interior of A l a s k a o r N. W. Canada. Canada. 24. KULANAPAN On the coast in Somewhere in About 30 About 1000. (Pomo). N.W. California N.W. Cali- local divi- (Sonoma, Lake and Mendocino counties), W. of the Yukian. fornia. sions, &c.; no true tribes. 25. KUSAN. On the coast of Somewhere in- 4, earlier About 50. central Oregon, on Coos Bay and I and from Coos Bay, Cregon. more. Stock. Area. Earliest Home. Tribes, &c. Population. Coos and Coquille rivers, S. of the Yakonan; now mostly on Siletz Reservation. 26. LUTUAMIAN (Klamath). In the region of the Klamath and Tule In S. Oregon, N. of the 2, with local subdivisions. 1034; of these 7 5 5 K I a- lakes, Lost and K1 a math math, and Sprague rivers, &c., in Oregon (chiefly) and N.E. lakes. 279 Modoc (56 in Okla- homa). California; now on Klamath Re- servation, Oregon, with a few also in Oklahoma. 27. MARIPOSAN In S. central Cali- Somewhere in 3 0-40 groups About 150, at (Yokuts). fornia, in the central Cali- with special Tule river valley of the San Joaquin, on the fornia. dialects. reservation, &c. Tule, Kaweah, King's rivers,&c.; E. of the Salinan, S. of the Moque- lumnan. 28.MOQUELUMNAN In central Cali- Somewhere in 7 dialects, no Several hun- (Miwok). fornia, in three central Cali- true tribes; dred; much sections: the main area on the W. slope of the Sier- ras, from the Cos- umnes river on the N. to the fornia. about 20 local groups with numer- ous minor ones. scattered. Fresno on the S.; a second on the N. shore of San Francisco B a y, and a third (small) S. of Clear Lake on the head-waters of Putah Creek. 29. MUSKOGIAN (Muskhogean). In the Gulf States, E. of the Missis- Somewhere W. of the A. bout 12, with many About 40,000; of t h es e sippi,most of Mis- lower Missis- minor divi- 38,000 in sissippi, Alabama and Georgia,part of Tennessee, S. Carolina, Florida and Louisiana; now mostly in sippi. sions. Oklahoma, t0001n Mis- sissippi, 350 in Florida, and a few in Louisiana. Oklahoma. 30. PAKAWAN On both banks of Some part of 20-25, some Practically (Coahuiltecan). the Rio Grande in Texas and N.E. Mexico. very small. extinct; in 1886 about Mexico, from its mouth to beyond Laredo; at one t?me possibly E. to Antonio, and W. to the Sierra 30 individu- als still liv- ing, mostly on the M ex i c a n side of the Madre. Rio Grande. 31. PUJuNAN (Maidu). In N.E. California, E. of the Sacra- mento river, be- tween the Shastan and Moquel- umnan. N.E. C a l i- fornia. No t r u e t r i b e s; several larger and very many smaller loc- al divisions, " villages, " About 250 full-bloods. &c. 32. QUORATEAN In extreme N.W. Somewhere in Many "vil- In 1889 some (Karok). California, on the Klamath river, &c.; W. of the Shastan. N.California. lages," &c. 600; much reduced since; pos- sibly 300. 33. SAHAPTIAN. In the region of the Columbia and its tributaries, in parts of Washing- ton, Idaho and Somewhere in the region of theColumbia, or farther N. 5-7. About 4200. Oregon; between lat. 44° and 470, and from the Cas- cades to the Bitter Root Mountains. 34. SALINAN. On the Pacific coast Somewhere in 2 or 3 larger Practically of S. W. California, from above S. S. W. C a 1 i- fornia. divisions; n o true extinct; in 1884 only Antonio, to below S. Louis Obispo; W. of the Mari- posan. tribes. 10-12 indi- v i d u a 1 s living. 35. SALISHAN. A large part of S. British Columbia and Washington, with parts of Central or N. British Col- umbia. Some 60-65, of which a number are merelylocal About 15,000 in Canada, and some 6300 in Idaho and Mon- tans; also part of divisions. the United States. Vancouverlsland, and outliers in N. British Columbia (Bilqula), and S.W. Oregon. Stock. Area. Earliest Home. Tribes, &c. Population. 36. SHASTAN. In N. California In N. Cali- 6 or more Less than 40 and S. Oregon, in fornia or linguistic Shasta full- the basins of the Pit and Klamath rivers, on Rogue river and to be- yond the Siskiyou Oregon. divisions. bloods; some 1200 Achomawi. Mountains; S. of the Lutuamian. 37. SHOSHONIAN. In the W. part of Foot-hills and Somer2-r51n In the United the United States; plains E. of the United States, some most of the the Rock y S t a t es; 24,000. country between Mountains in many more lat. 35° and 45° and long.105° and N.W. United States or in Mexico, ancient and 120°, with exten- sions N., S., and S.E. outside this area; represented also in California, and in Mexico by the Piman, Sonoran and Na- huatlan tribes. Canada, but residence in P1 a t eau region long- continued. modern. 38. SIOUAN. In the basin of the In the Caro- Some 20 About 38,000; Missouri and the lina - Virginia large and of w hi c h upperMississippi; region. many minor some 1400 from about N. lat. 33° to 53° and, at the broadest, from 89° to Ito° ones. in Canada. W. long.; also represented in Wisconsin (Win- nebago), Louisi- ana,the Carolinas, and Virginia (formerly). 39. TAKELMAN. In S. W. Oregon, in the middle valley of Rogue river, on the upper Rogue, and to about the Cali- fornia line or beyond. In some part of S. Oregon. 2. Practically extinct; perhaps 6 speakers of the language alive. 40. TANOAN. In New Mexico, on Some part of Some 14-15 About 4200 the Rio Grande, &c., from lat. 33° to 36°; also a settlement with the New Mexico. pueblos. in 12 pueb- los. Moqui in N.E. Arizona, and another on the Rio Grande at the boundary line, partly in Mexico. 41. 'I'IMUQuAN. In Florida, from the Some part of Some 60 or Extinct in N. border and the Florida. more settle- 18th cen- Ocilla river to ments. tury. Lake Okeecho- bee, perhaps farther N. and S. 42. TONIKAN. In part of E. Louisi- Somewhere in 3. Practically ana and part of the Louisi- extinct; i n Mississippi; in ana - Missis- 1886 some Avoyelles parish, La., &c. sippi region. 25 indivi- duals living at Marks- ville, La. 43. TONKAWAN. In S. E. Texas, N.W. of the Somewhere in S. or W. a. Nearly ex- tinct; in Karankawan; remnants now in Oklahoma. Texas. 18840nly78 individuals living; in 2905 but 47, with Pon- k a s, in Oklahoma. 44. TSIMSHIAN In N.W. British On the head- 3 main and About 3200 (Chimmesyan). Columbia, on the Nass and Skeena waters of the Skeena river. se v e r a 1 minor divi- in Canada, and 950 in rivers, and the adjacent islands and coast S. to sions. Alaska. Millbank Sound; also (since 1887) on Annette Island, Alaska. 4 5. WAILATPUAN. A western section In Oregon, S. 2. Language (Molala) in the of the Colum- practically Cascade region between Mounts bia river. extinct; 405 Cayuse (in Hood and Scott, in Washington and Oregon; an eastern (Cayuse) on the head- waters of the Wallawalla, Uma- tilla and Grande 1888 only 6 spoke their mother tongue) are still living; i n 1881 about 20 Molalas. Ronde rivers. Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliography Information Chisholm, Hugh, General Editor. Entry for 'North American Indians'. 1911 Encyclopedia Britanica. https://www.studylight.org/​encyclopedias/​eng/​bri/​n/north-american-indians.html. 1910. terms of use • privacy policy • rights and permissions • contact sl • about sl • link to sl To report dead links, typos, or html errors or suggestions about making these resources more useful use the convenient contact form StudyLight.org © 2001-2022 Powered by Lightspeed Technology Ads FreeProfile Stock. Area. Earliest Home. Tribes, &c. Population. 46. WAKASHAN Most of Vancouver Somewhere in 3 main divi- 4765,ofwhich (Kwakiutl- Island (except the interior sions, with 435 are in Nootka). some 3 of the E. of British more than the United coast) and most of the coast of Columbia. so" tribes." States. British Columbia from Gardner channel to Cape Mudge; also part of extreme N.W. Washington. 47. In E. central Cali- In N.W. Ne- I. About zoo, in fornia and the ad- joining part of Nevada, in the region of Lake vada. the region of Carson, Reno, &c. Tahoe and the lower Carson valley. 48. WEITSPEKAN (Yurok). In N.W. California, W. of the Quo- In N. Cali- fornia or S. 6 divisions; no true A few hun- dreds; in ratean. Oregon. tribes. 1870 esti- mated at 2000 or more. 49. WISHOSKAN (Wiyot). In N.W. California, in the coast region, S. of the I n N. C a I i- fornia. 3-5 divisions; no true tribes. Nearly ex- tinct. Weitspekan. 50. YAKONAN. In W. Oregon, in W. c en t r al 4 chief divi- About30o,on the coast region and on the rivers Oregon. sions, with numerous the Siletz Reserva- from the Yaquina to the Umpqua. villages. tion. 51. In central N. Cali- So m e w h e r e a. Practically fornia in the region of Round Moun- tain, &c., S. of the Shastan. farther E. extinct; in 1884hut 35 individuals living. YUCHIAN. In E. Georgia, on the Savannah Somewhere E. of the Chata- 1. About Soo, with Creeks river from above Augusta down to the Ogeechee, and also on Chatahoo- chee river; rem- nants now in hoochee. in O k I a- homa. Oklahoma. YUKIAN. In N.W. California, E.of the Copehan, with a N. and a N. or central California. divisions; no true tribes. About 25u. S. section; in the Round Valley region.