ROMANS Chapters 12
Verse 1. I beseech you. The apostle, having finished the
argument of this epistle, proceeds now to close it with a
practical or hortatory application, showing its bearing on the
duties of life, and the practical influence of religion. None of the
doctrines of the gospel are designed to be cold and barren speculations.
They bear on the hearts and lives of men; and the apostle therefore
calls on those to whom he wrote to dedicate themselves without reserve
unto God.
Therefore. As the effect or result of the argument or doctrine. In
other words, the whole argument of the eleven first chapters is fitted
to show the obligation on us to devote ourselves to God. From
expressions like these, it is clear that the apostle never supposed that
the tendency of the doctrines of grace was to lead to licentiousness.
Many have affirmed that such was the tendency of the doctrines of
justification by faith, of election and decrees, and of the perseverance
of the saints. But it is plain that Paul had no such apprehensions.
After having fully stated and established those doctrines, he concludes
that we ought therefore to lead holy lives; and on the ground of
them he exhorts men to do it.
By the mercies of God. The word by--(\~dia\~)--denotes
here the reason why they should do it, or the ground of appeal. So
great had been the mercy of God, that this constituted a reason
why they should present their bodies, etc. See 1 Corinthians 1:10;
Romans 15:30. The word mercies here denotes favour shown to the
undeserving, or kindness, compassion, etc. The plural is used in
imitation of the Hebrew word for mercy, which has no singular.
The word is not often used in the New Testament. See 2 Corinthians 1:3, where
God is called "the Father of mercies." Philippians 2:1; Colossians 3:12; Hebrews 10:28.
The particular mercy to which the apostle here refers, is that shown to
those whom he was addressing. He had proved that all were by nature
under sin; that they had no claim on God; and that he had showed great
compassion in giving his Son to die for them in this state, and in
pardoning their sins. This was a ground or reason why they should
devote themselves to God.
That ye present. The word used here commonly denotes the action of
bringing and presenting an animal or other sacrifice before an altar. It
implies that the action was a free and voluntary offering. Religion is
free; and the act of devoting ourselves to God is one of the most free
that we ever perform.
Your bodies. The bodies of animals were offered in sacrifice.
The apostle specifies their bodies particularly in reference to that
fact. Still the entire animal was devoted; and Paul evidently meant here
the same as to say, present YOURSELVES, your entire person, to the
service of God. Comp. 1 Corinthians 6:16; James 3:6. It was not customary or
proper to speak of a sacrifice as art offering of a soul or spirit, in
the common language of the Jews; and hence the apostle applied their
which Christians were to make of themselves to God.
A living sacrifice. A sacrifice is an offering made to God as an
atonement for sin; or any offering made to him and his service as an
expression of thanksgiving or homage. It implies, that he who offers it
presents it entirely, releases all claim or right to it, and leaves
it to be disposed of for the honour of God. In the case of an
animal, it was slain, and the blood offered; in the case of any
other offering, as the firstfruits, etc., it was set apart to the
service of God; and he who offered it released all claim on it, and
submitted it to God, to be disposed of at his will. This is the offering
which the apostle entreats the Romans to make; to devote themselves to
God, as if they had no longer any claim on themselves; to be
disposed of by him; to suffer and bear all that he might appoint; and to
promote his honour in any way which he might command. This is
the nature of true religion.
Living. (\~zwsan\~). The expression probably means, that they were
to devote the vigorous, active powers of their bodies and souls to the
service of God. The Jew offered his victim, slew it, and presented it
dead. It could not be presented again. In opposition to this, we are
to present ourselves with all our living, vital energies. Christianity
does not require a service of death or inactivity. It demands vigorous
and active powers in the service of God the Saviour. There is something
very affecting in the view of such a sacrifice; in regarding life, with
all its energies, its intellectual, and moral, and physical powers, as
one long sacrifice--one continued offering unto God. An immortal
being presented to him; presented voluntarily, with all his
energies, from day to day, until life shall close, so that it may be
said that he has lived and died an offering made freely unto God. This
is religion.
Holy. This means, properly, without blemish or defect. No other
sacrifice could be made to God. The Jews were expressly forbid to offer
that which was lame, or blind, or in any way deformed, Deuteronomy 15:21;
Leviticus 1:3,10; 3:1; 22:20; Deuteronomy 17:1. Comp. Malachi 1:8. If offered
without any of these defects, it was regarded as holy, i.e.,
appropriately set apart, or consecrated to God. In like manner we are
to consecrate to God our best faculties; the rigour of our minds,
and talents, and time. Not the feebleness of sickness merely; not
old age alone; not time which we cannot otherwise employ; but
the first rigour and energies of the mind and body--our youth, and
health, and strength. Our sacrifice to God is to be not divided,
separate; but it is to be entire and complete. Many are expecting
to be Christians in sickness; many in old age; thus purposing to
offer unto him the blind and the lame. The sacrifice is to be free
from sin. It is not to be a divided, and broken, and polluted
service. It is to be with the best affections of our hearts and lives.
Acceptable unto God. They are exhorted to offer such a sacrifice as
will be acceptable to God; that is, such an one as he had just
specified, one that was living and holy. No sacrifice should be
made which is not acceptable to God. The offerings of the heathen'
the pilgrimages of Mohammedans; the self-inflicted penalties of the
Roman Catholics, uncommanded by God, cannot be acceptable to
him. Those services will be acceptable to God, and those only,
which he appoints. Comp. Colossians 2:20-23. Men are not to invent
services; or to make crosses; or to seek persecutions and trials; or
to provoke opposition. They are to do just what God requires of
them, and that will be acceptable to God. And this fact, that
what we do is acceptable to God, is the highest recompense we
can have. It matters little what men think of us, if God approves
what we do. To please him should be our highest aim; the fact
that we do please him is our highest reward.
Which is your reasonable service. The word rendered service--
(\~latreian\~)--properly denotes worship, or the homage rendered to
God. The word reasonable, with us, means that which is "governed by
reason; thinking, speaking, or acting conformably to the dictates of
reason," (Webster) or that which can be shown to be rational or
proper. This does not express the meaning of the original. That word
(\~logikhn\~) denotes that which pertains to the mind, and a reasonable
service means that which is mental, or pertaining to reason. It stands
opposed not to that which is foolish or unreasonable, but to the
external service of the Jews, and such as they relied on for
salvation. The worship of the Christian is that which pertains to
the mind, or is spiritual; that of the Jew was external. Chrysostom
renders this phrase, "your spiritual ministry." The Syriac, "that
ye present your bodies, etc., by a rational ministry."
We may learn from this verse,
(1.)that the proper worship of God is the free homage of the mind. It is
not forced or constrained. The offering of ourselves should be
voluntary. No other can be a true offering, and none other can be
acceptable.
(2.) We are to offer our entire selves, all that we have and are, to
God. No other offering can be such as he will approve.
(3.) The character of God is such as should lead us to that. It is a
character of mercy--of long-continued and patient forbearance--and it
should influence us to devote ourselves to him.
(4.) It should be done without delay. God is as worthy of such
service now as he ever will or can be. He has every possible
claim on our affections and our hearts.
Verse 2. And be not conformed, etc. The word rendered conformed
properly means, to put on the form, fashion, or appearance of
another. It may refer to anything pertaining to the habit, manner,
dress, style of living, etc., of others.
To this world. (\~tw aiwni toutw\~). The word which is commonly rendered
world, when applied to the material universe, is (\~kosmov\~),
cosmos. The word used here properly denotes an age, or
generation of men. It may denote a particular generation, or it
may be applied to the race. It is sometimes used in each of these
senses. Thus here it may mean, that Christians should not conform to the
maxims, habits, feelings, etc., of a wicked, luxurious, and idolatrous
age, but should be conformed solely to the precepts and laws of the
gospel; or the same principle may be extended to every age, and the
direction may be, that Christians should not conform to the prevailing
habits, style, and manners of the world--the people who know not God.
They are to be governed by the laws of the Bible; to fashion their lives
after the example of Christ; and to form themselves by principles
different from those which prevail in the world. In the application
of this rule there is much difficulty. Many may think that they are
not conformed to the world, while they can easily perceive that their
neighbour is. They indulge in many things which others may think to be
conformity to the world, and are opposed to many things which others
think innocent. The design of this passage is doubtless to produce a
spirit that should not find pleasure in the pomp and vanity of the
world; and which will regard all vain amusements and gaieties with
disgust, and lead the mind to find pleasure in better things.
Be ye transformed. The word from which the expression here is
derived means form, habit, (\~morfh\~). The direction is, "put on
another form, change the form of the world for that of
Christianity." This word would properly refer to the external
appearance, but the expression which the apostle immediately uses,
"renewing of the mind," shows that he did not intend to use it with
reference to that only, but to the change of the whole man. The meaning
is, do not cherish a spirit devoid to the world, following its vain
fashions and pleasures, but cultivate a spirit attached to God, and his
kingdom and cause.
By the renewing. By the making new; the changing into new views
and feelings. The Christian is often represented as a new creature,
2 Corinthians 5:17; Galatians 6:15; Ephesians 4:24; 1 Peter 2:2.
Your mind. The word translated mind properly denotes
intellect, as distinguished from the will and affections. But here
it seems to be used as applicable to the whole spirit as distinguished
from the body, including the understanding, will, and affections. As if
he had said, let not this change appertain to the body only, but to
the soul. Let it not be a mere external conformity, but let it
have its seat in the spirit. All external changes, if the mind was not
changed, would be useless, or would be hypocrisy. Christianity seeks to
reign in the soul; and having its seat there, the external conduct
and habits will be regulated accordingly.
That ye may prove. The word used here (\~dokimazein\~) is commonly
applied to metals, to the operation of testing, or trying them by
the severity of fire, etc. Hence it also means to explore, investigate,
ascertain. This is its meaning here. The sense is, that such a
renewed mind is essential to a successful inquiry after the will of
God. Having a disposition to obey him, the mind will be prepared to
understand his precepts. There will be a correspondence between the
feelings of the heart and his will; a nice tact or taste, which will
admit his laws, and see the propriety and beauty of his commands. A
renewed heart is the best preparation for studying Christianity; as a
man who is temperate is the best fitted to understand the
ance; the man who is chaste has most clearly and forcibly the
arguments for chastity, etc. A heart in love with the fashions and
follies of the world is ill-fitted to appreciate the arguments for
humility, prayer, etc. "If any man will do his will, he shall know
of the doctrine whether it be of God," John 7:17. The reason
why the heart is renewed is, that we may do the will of God; the
heart that is renewed is best fitted to appreciate and understand
his will.
That good, etc. This part of the verse might be rendered, that ye
may investigate the will of God, or ascertain the will of God--that
which is good, and perfect, and acceptable. The will of God relates
to his commands in regard to our conduct, his doctrines in regard to our
belief, his providential dealings in relation to our external
circumstances. It means what God demands of us, in whatever way it may
be made known. They do not err from his ways who seek his guidance, and
who, not confiding in their own wisdom, but in God, commit their way to
him. "The meek will he guide in judgment, and the meek will he teach his
way," Psalms 25:9. The word good here is not an adjective
agreeing with "will," but a noun. "That ye may find the will of God,
that which is good and acceptable." It implies that that thing
which is good is his will; or that we may find his will by finding
that which is good and perfect. That is good which promotes the
honour of God, and the interests of his universe.
Perfect. Free from defect, stain, or injury. That which has all its
parts complete, or which is not disproportionate. Applied to religion,
it means that which is consistent, which is carried out; which
is evinced in all the circumstances and relations of life.
Acceptable. That which will be pleasing to God, or which he will
approve. There is scarcely a more difficult text in the Bible than this,
or one that is more full of meaning. It involves the main duty of
religion to be separated from the world; and expresses the way in
which that duty may be performed, and in which we may live so as to
ascertain and do the will of God. If all Christians would obey this,
religion would be everywhere honoured. If all would separate from the
vices and follies, the amusements and gaieties of the world, Christ
would be glorified. If all were truly renewed in their minds, they would
lose their relish for such things; and seeking only to do the will of
God, they would not be slow to find it.
{m} "be not conformed" 1 John 2:15
Verse 3. For I say. The word "for" shows that the apostle is about
to introduce some additional considerations to enforce what he had
just said; or to show how we may evince a mind that is not con-
formed to the world.
Through the grace. Through the favour, or in virtue of the
favour of the apostolic of[ice. By the authority that is conferred
on me to declare the will of God as an apostle.
See Barnes "Romans 1:5". See also Galatians 1:6,15; 2:9; Ephesians 3:8; 1 Timothy 1:14.
Not to think, etc. Not to over-estimate himself, or
to think more of himself than he ought to. What is the true
standard by which we ought to estimate ourselves he immediately
adds. This is a caution against pride; and an exhortation not to
judge of ourselves by our talents, wealth, or office, but to form
another standard of judging of ourselves, by our Christian character.
The Romans would probably be in much danger from this quarter. The
prevailing habit of judging among them was according to rank, or wealth,
or eloquence, or office. While this habit of judging prevailed in the
world around them, there was danger that it might also prevail in the
church. And the exhortation was, that they should not judge of their
own characters by the usual modes among men, but by their Christian
attainments. There is no sin to which men are more prone than an
inordinate self-valuation and pride. Instead of judging by that which
constitutes true excellence of character, they pride themselves on that
which is of no intrinsic value--on rank, and titles, and external
accomplishments; or on talents, learning, or wealth. The only true
standard of character pertains to the principles of action, or to that
which constitutes the moral nature of the man; and to that the apostle
calls the Roman people.
But to think soberly. Literally, "to think so as to act soberly or
wisely." So to estimate ourselves as to act or demean ourselves wisely,
prudently, modestly. Those who over-estimate themselves are proud,
haughty, foolish in their deportment. Those who think of themselves as
they ought, are modest, sober, prudent. There is no way to maintain a
wise and proper conduct so certain, as to form a humble and modest
estimate of our own character.
According as God hath dealt. As God has measured to each one, or
apportioned to each one. In this place, the faith which Christians
have is traced to God as its Giver. This fact, that God has
given it, will be itself one of the most effectual promoters of humility
and right feeling. Men commonly regard the objects on which they pride
themselves as things of their own creation, or as depending on themselves.
But let an object be regarded as the gift of God, and it ceases to excite
pride, and the feeling is at once changed into gratitude. He
therefore who regards God as the Source of all blessings, and he
only, will be a humble man.
The measure of faith. The word faith here is evidently
put for religion, or Christianity. Faith is a main thing in religion.
It constitutes its first demand; and the Christian religion,
therefore, is characterized by its faith, or its confidence in God.
See Mark 16:16. Comp. Hebrews 11; Romans 4. We are not therefore to be
elated in our view of ourselves; we are not to judge of our own
characters by wealth, or talent, or learning; but by our attachment
to God, and by the influence of faith on our minds. The meaning
is, judge yourselves, or estimate yourselves, by your piety. The
propriety of this rule is apparent,
(1.) because no other standard is a correct one, or one of value. Our
talent, learning, rank, or wealth, is a very improper rule by which to
estimate ourselves. All may be wholly unconnected with moral worth; and
the worst as well as the best men may possess them.
(2.) God will judge us in the day of judgment by our attachment to Christ
and his cause, (Matthew 25) and that is the true standard by which to
estimate ourselves here.
(3.) Nothing else will secure and promote humility but this. All other
things may produce or promote pride, but this will effectually secure
humility. The fact that God has given all that we have; the fact that
the poor and obscure may have as true an elevation of character as
ourselves; the consciousness of our own imperfections and short-comings
in the Christian faith; and the certainty that we are soon to be
arraigned to try this great question, whether we have evidence that we
are the friends of God, will all tend to promote humbleness of mind, and
to bring down our usual inordinate self-estimation. If all Christians
judged themselves in this way, it would remove at once no small part of
the pride of station and of life from the world, and would produce deep
attachment for those who are blessed with the faith of the gospel,
though they may be unadorned by any of the wealth or trappings which now
promote pride and distinctions among men.
{o} "more highly" Romans 11:20
{1} "to think soberly" "to sobriety"
Verse 4. For. This word here denotes a further illustration or
proof of what he had just before said. The duty to which he was
exhorting the Romans was, not to be unduly exalted or elevated in their
own estimation. In order to produce proper humility, he shows them that
God has appointed certain orders or grades in the church; that all are
useful in their proper place; that we should seek to discharge our duty
in our appropriate sphere; and thus that due subordination and
order would be observed. To show this, he introduces a beautiful
comparison drawn from the human body. There are various members in the
human frame; all useful and honourable in their proper place; and all
designed to promote the order, and beauty, and harmony of the whole. So
the church is one body, consisting of many members, and each is fitted
to be useful and comely in its proper place. The same comparison he
uses with great beauty and force in 1 Corinthians 12:4-31; also Ephesians 4:25
Ephesians 5:30. In that chapter the comparison is carried out to much
greater length, and its influence shown with great force.
Many members. Limbs, or parts; feet, hands, eyes, ears, etc.,
1 Corinthians 12:14,15.
In one body. Constituting one body; or united in one, and making one
person. Essential to the existence, beauty, and happiness of the one body
or person.
The same office. The same use or design; not all appointed for the
same thing; one is to see, another to hear, a third to walk with, etc.,
1 Corinthians 12:14-23.
{q} "many members" 1 Corinthians 12:4,12
Verse 5. So we, being many. We who are Christians, and who are
numerous as individuals.
Are one body. Are united together, constituting one society or one
people, mutually dependent, and having the same great interests at
heart, though to be prompted by us according to our peculiar talents
and opportunities. As the welfare of the same body is to be promoted in
one manner by the feet, in another by the eye, etc., so the welfare of
the body of Christ is to be promoted by discharging our duties in our
appropriate sphere, as God has appointed us.
In Christ. One body, joined to Christ, or connected with him as
the head. Ephesians 1:22,23, "And gave him to be head over all things
to the church, which is his body." Comp. John 15:1-7. This does
not mean that there is any physical or literal union, or any
destruction of personal identity, or anything particularly mysterious or
unintelligible. Christians acknowledge him as their head, i. e. their
Lawgiver; their Counsellor, Guide, and Redeemer. They are bound to him
by peculiarly tender ties of affection, gratitude, and friendship;
they are united in him, i.e. in acknowledging him as their common
Lord and Saviour. Any other union than this is impossible; and
the sacred writers never intended that expressions like these should
be explained literally. The union of Christians to Christ is the
most tender and interesting of any in this world, but no more
mysterious than that which binds friend to friend, children to
parents, or husbands to their wives. Comp. Ephesians 5:23-33.
And every one members one of another. Comp. 1 Corinthians 12:25,26.
That is, we are so fitted as to be mutually dependent; each one
is of service to the other; and the existence and office of the one
is necessary to the usefulness of the other. Thus the members of
the body may be said to be members one of another; as the feet
could not, for example, perform their functions, or be of use, if it
were not for the eye; the ear, the hand, the teeth, etc., would be
useless if it were not for the other members, which go to make up
the entire person. Thus in the church, every individual is not
only necessary in his place as an individual, but is needful to the
proper symmetry and action of the whole. And we may learn here,
(1.) that no member of the church of Christ should esteem
himself to be of no importance. In his own place he may be of as
much consequence as the man of learning, wealth, and talent may
be in his.
(2.) God designed that there should be differences of endowments of
nature and of grace in the church; just as it was needful that there
should be differences in the members of the human body.
(3.) No one should despise or lightly esteem another. All are necessary.
We can no more spare the foot or the hand than we can the eye; though
the latter may be much more curious and striking as a proof of Divine
skill. We do not despise the hand or the foot any more than we do the
eye; and in all we should acknowledge the goodness and wisdom of God.
See these thoughts carried out in 1 Corinthians 12:21-25.
{r} "one body in Christ" Ephesians 1:23.
Verse 6. Having then gifts. All the endowments which Christians
have are regarded by the apostle as gifts. God has conferred
them; and this fact, when properly felt, tends much to prevent
our thinking of ourselves more highly than we ought to think,
Romans 12:3. For the use of the word rendered gifts,
see Romans 1:11; 5:15,16; 6:23; 11:29; 1 Corinthians 7:7; 12:4,9,28, etc.
It may refer to natural endowments, as well as to the favours of grace;
though in this place it refers doubtless to the distinctions
conferred on Christians in the churches.
Differing. It was never designed that all Christians should be equal.
God designed that men should have different endowments. The very nature
of
society supposes this. There never was a state of perfect equality
in anything; and it would be impossible that there should be, and yet
preserve society. In this, God exercises a sovereignty, and bestows his
favours as he pleases, injuring no one by conferring favours on others;
and holding me responsible for the right use of what I have, and not
for what may be conferred on my neighbour.
According to the grace. That is, the favour, the mercy that
is bestowed on us. As all that we have is a matter of grace, it should
keep us from pride; and it should make us willing to occupy our
appropriate place in the church. True honour consists not in splendid
endowments, or great wealth and office. It consists in rightly
discharging the duties which God requires of us in our appropriate
sphere.
If all men held their talents as the gift of God; if all would find and
occupy in society the place for which God designed them, it would prevent
no small part of the uneasiness, the restlessness, the ambition, and
misery of the world.
Whether prophecy. The apostle now proceeds to specify
the different classes of gifts or endowments which Christians have,
and to exhort them to discharge aright the duty which results
from the rank or office which they held in the church. The first
is prophecy. This word properly means, to predict future events;
but it also means, to declare the Divine will; to interpret the
purposes of God; or to make known in any way the truth of God,
which is designed to influence men. Its first meaning is to
predict or foretell future events; but as those who did this were
messengers of God, and as they commonly connected with such
predictions instructions and exhortations in regard to the sins, and
dangers, and duties of men, the word came to denote any who
warned, or threatened, or in any way communicated the will of
God; and even those who uttered devotional sentiments or praise.
The name in the New Testament is commonly connected with teachers.
Acts 13:1, "There were in the church at Antioch certain prophets and
teachers, as Barnabas," etc.; Acts 15:32, "And Judas and Silas, being
prophets themselves," etc.; Acts 21:10, "A certain prophet named
Agabus." In 1 Corinthians 12:28,29, prophets are mentioned as a class of
teachers immediately after apostles. "And God hath set some in the
church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers," etc.
The same class of persons is again mentioned in 1 Corinthians 14:29-32,39.
In this place they are spoken of as being under the influence of
revelation: "Let the prophets speak two or three, and let the other
judge, if anything be revealed to another that sitteth by, let the first
hold his peace. And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the
prophets." 1 Corinthians 14:39, "Covet to prophesy, and forbid not to
speak with tongues." In this place endowments are mentioned under the
name of prophecy, evidently in advance even of the power of speaking
with tongues. Yet all these were to be subject to the authority of the
apostle, 1 Corinthians 14:37. In Ephesians 4:11, they are mentioned again
in the same order: "And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and
some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers," etc. From these
passages the following things seem clear in relation to this class of
persons:
(1.) They were an order of teachers distinct from the apostles, and
next to them in authority and rank.
(2.) They were under the influence of revelation, or inspiration, in
a certain sense.
(3.) They had power of controlling themselves, and of speaking or
keeping silence as they chose. They had the power of using their
prophetic gifts as we have the ordinary faculties of our minds; and of
course of abusing them also. This abuse was apparent also in the case
of those who had the power of speaking with tongues,
1 Corinthians 14:2,4,6,11, etc.
(4.) They were subject to the apostles.
(5.) They were superior to the other teachers and pastors in the
church.
(6.) The office or the endowment was temporary, designed for the
settlement and establishment of the church; and then, like the apostolic
office, having accomplished its purpose, to be disused, and to cease,
from these remarks, also, will be seen the propriety of regulating
this office by apostolic authority; or stating, as the apostle does here,
the manner or rule by which this gift was to be exercised.
According to the proportion. This word (\~analogian\~) is nowhere else
used in the New Testament. The word properly applies to mathematics,
(Schleusner,) and means the ratio or proportion which results
from comparison of one number or magnitude with another. In
a large sense, therefore, as applied to other subjects, it denotes
the measure of anything. With us it means analogy, or the
congruity or resemblance discovered between one thing and another,
as we say there is an analogy or resemblance between the truths
taught by reason and revelation. (See Butler's Analogy.) But
this is not its meaning here, It means the measure, the amount
of faith bestowed on them; for he was exhorting them to Romans 12:3
"think soberly, according as God hath dealt to every man the
measure of faith." The word faith here means, evidently, not the
truths of the Bible elsewhere revealed; nor their confidence in
God; nor their personal piety; but the extraordinary endowment
bestowed on them by the gifts of prophecy. They were to confine
themselves strictly to that; they were not to usurp the apostolic
authority, or to attempt to exercise their peculiar office; but they
were to confine themselves strictly to the functions of their
office according to the measure of their faith, i.e. the extraordinary
endowment conferred on them. The word faith is thus used often
to denote that extraordinary confidence in God which attended
the working of miracles, etc., Matthew 17:20; 21:21; Luke 17:6.
If this be the fair interpretation of the passage, then it is clear
that the interpretation, which applies it to systems of theology,
and which demands that we should interpret the Bible so as to accord
with the system, is one that is wholly unwarranted. It is to be
referred solely to this class of religious teachers, without reference
to any system of doctrine, or to anything which had been revealed
to any other class of men; or without affirming that there is any
resemblance between one truth and another. All that may be
true, but it is not the truth taught in this passage. And it is
equally clear that the passage is not to be applied to teachers now,
except as an illustration of the general principle that even those
endowed with great and splendid talents are not to over-estimate
them, but to regard them as the gift of God; to exercise them in
subordination to his appointment; and to seek to employ them in
the manner, the place, and to the purpose that shall be according
to his will. They are to employ them in the purpose for which God
gave them; AND FOR NO OTHER.
{s} "according to the grace" 1 Peter 4:10,11
Verse 7. Or ministry, (\~diakonian\~). This word properly means
service of any kind, Luke 10:40. It is used in religion to denote
the service which is rendered to Christ as the Master. It is
applied to all classes of ministers in the New Testament, as denoting
their being the servants of Christ; and it is used particularly to
denote that class who, from this word, were called deacons, i.e.
those who had the care of the poor, who provided for the sick, and who
watched over the external matters of the church. In the following
places it is used to denote the ministry, or service, which Paul
and the other apostles rendered in their public work, Acts 1:17,25;
Acts 6:4; 12:25; 20:24; 21:19; Romans 11:13; 15:31; 2 Corinthians 5:18; 6:3; Ephesians 4:12;
1 Timothy 1:12. In a few places this word is used to denote the office
which the deacons fulfilled, Acts 6:1; 11:29; 1 Corinthians 16:15; 2 Corinthians 11:8.
In this sense the word deacon (\~diakonov\~) is most commonly used, as
denoting the office which was performed in providing for the poor, and
administering the alms of the church. It is not easy to say in what
sense it is used here. I am inclined to the opinion that he did not
refer to those who were appropriately called deacons, but to those
engaged in the office of the ministry of the word; whose business it
was to preach, and thus to serve the churches. In this sense the word is
often used in the New Testament, and the connexion seems to demand the
same interpretation here.
On our ministering. Let us be wholly and diligently occupied in this.
Let this be our great business, and let us give entire attention to it.
Particularly the connexion requires us to understand this as directing
those who ministered not to aspire to the office and honours of those
who prophesied. Let them not think of themselves more highly than they
ought, but be engaged entirely in their own appropriate work.
He that teacheth. This word denotes those who instruct,
or communicate knowledge. It is clear that it is used to denote a class
of persons different, in some respects, from those who prophesied
and from those who exhorted. But in what this difference consisted is
not clear. Teachers are mentioned in the New Testament in the grade
next to the prophets, Acts 13:1; 1 Corinthians 12:28,29; Ephesians 4:11.
Perhaps the difference between the prophets, the ministers,
the teachers, and the exhorters, was this--that the first spake
by inspiration; the second engaged in all the functions
of the ministry, properly so called, including the administration of
the sacraments; the teachers were employed in communicating
instruction simply, teaching the doctrines of religion, but without
assuming the office of ministers; and the fourth exhorted, or
entreated Christians to lead a holy life, without making it a
particular subject to teach, and without pretending to administer
the ordinances of religion. The fact that teachers, are so often
mentioned in the New Testament, shows that they were a class by
themselves. It may be worthy of remark, that the churches in New
England had, at first, a class of men who were called teachers. One
was appointed to this office in every church, distinct from the
pastor, whose proper business it was to instruct the congregation
in the doctrines of religion. The same thing exists substantially
now in most churches, in the appointment of Sunday-school teachers,
whose main business it is to instruct the children in the doctrines
of the Christian religion. It is an office of great importance
to the church; and the exhortation of the apostle may be applied
to them: that they should be assiduous, constant, diligent in their
teaching; that they should confine themselves to their appropriate
place; and should feel that their office is of great importance in the
church of God; and remember that this is his arrangement, designed
to promote the edification of his people.
Verse 8. He that exhorteth. This word properly denotes one who urges
to the practical duties, of religion, in distinction from one who
teaches its doctrines. One who presents the warnings and the
promises of God, to excite men to the discharge of their duty. It is
clear that there were persons who were recognised as engaging
especially in this duty, and who were known by this appellation,
as distinguished from prophets and teachers. How long this was
continued there is no means of ascertaining; but it cannot be
doubted that it may still be expedient, in many times and places,
to have persons designated to this work. In most churches this
duty is now blended with the other offices of the ministry.
He that giveth. Margin, "imparteth." The word denotes the person
whose office it was to distribute; and probably, designates him
who distributed the alms of the church, or him who was the
deacon of the congregation. The connexion requires that this
meaning should be given to the passage; and the word rendered giveth
may denote one who imparts or distributes that which has been
committed to him for that purpose, as well as one who gives out of
his private property. As the apostle is speaking here of offices in
the church, the former is evidently that which is intended. It was
deemed an important matter among the early Christians to impart
liberally of their substance to support the poor, and provide for the
needy, Acts 2:44-47; 4:34-37; 5:1-11; Galatians 2:10; Romans 15:26; 2 Corinthians 8:8; 9:2,12.
Hence it became necessary to appoint persons over these contributions,
who should be especially charged with the management of them, and who
would see that they were properly distributed, Acts 6:1-6. These
were the persons who were denominated deacons, Philippians 1:1; 1 Timothy 3:8,12.
Hence it became necessary to appoint persons over these contributions,
who should be especially charged with the management of them, and who
would see that they were properly distributed, Acts 6:1-6.
These were the persons who were denominated deacons,
\\Php 1:1 1Ti 3:8,12\\
With simplicity. See Matthew 6:22, "If thine eye be single,"
etc.; Luke 11:34. The word simplicity (\~aplothv\~)is used in a
similar sense to denote singleness, honesty of aim, purity,
integrity, without any mixture of a base, selfish, or sinister end. It
requires the bestowment of a favour without seeking any personal or
selfish ends; without partiality; but actuated only by the desire to
bestow them in the best possible maimer to promote the object for which
they were given, 2 Corinthians 8:2; 9:11,13; 1:12; Ephesians 6:5; Colossians 3:22.
It is plain that when property was entrusted to them, there would
be danger that they might be tempted to employ it for selfish and
sinister ends, to promote their influence and prosperity; and hence
the apostle exhorted them to do it with a single aim to the object
for which it was given. Well did he know that there was nothing
more tempting than the possession of wealth, though given to be
appropriated to others. And this exhortation is applicable not
only to the deacons of the churches, but to all who in this day of
Christian benevolence are entrusted with money to advance the
kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ.
He that ruleth. This word properly designates one who is set over
others, or who presides or rules, or one who attends with diligence and
care to a thing. In 1 Thessalonians 5:12, it is used in relation to ministers
in general: "And we beseech you, brethren, to know them which labour
among you, and are over you in the Lord." 1 Timothy 3:4,5,12, it is
applied to the head of a family, or one who diligently and faithfully
performs the duty of a father: "One that ruleth well his own house."
1 Timothy 5:17, it is applied to "elders" in the church: "Let the
elders that rule well," etc. It is not elsewhere used except in
Titus 3:8,14, in a different sense, where it is translated
"to maintain good works." The prevailing sense of the word,
therefore, is to rule, to preside over, or to have the
management of. But to what class of persons reference is had here, and
what was precisely their duty, has been made a matter of controversy,
and it is not easy to determine. Whether this refers to a permanent
office in the church, or to an occasional presiding in their
assemblies convened for business, etc., is not settled by the use of the
word. It has the idea of ruling, as in a family, or of
presiding, as in a deliberative assembly; and either of these ideas
would convey all that is implied in the original word. Comp.
1 Corinthians 12:28.
With diligence. This word properly means haste, (Mark 6:25;
Luke 1:39) but it also denotes industry, attention, care.
2 Corinthians 7:11, "What carefulness it wrought in you;" 2 Corinthians 7:12,
"That our care for you in the sight of God," etc.; Romans 8:7,8,
(Gr.) Hebrews 6:11. It means here, that they should be attentive to
the duties of their vocation, mid engage with ardour in that which
was committed to them to do.
He that sheweth mercy. It is probable, says Calvin, that this refers
to those who had the care of the sick and infirm, the aged and the
needy; not so much to provide for them by charity, as to attend on
them in their affliction, and to take care of them. To the deacons
was committed the duty of distributing alms, but to others that of
personal attendance This can hardly be called an office, in the
technical sense; and yet it is not improbable that they were designated
to this by the church, and requested to perform it. There were no
hospitals and no almshouses. Christians felt it their duty to show
personal attention to the infirm and the sick; and so important was their
office, that it was deemed worthy of notice in a general direction
to the church.
With cheerfulness. The direction given to those who distributed
alms was to do it with simplicity, with an honest aim to meet the
purpose for which it was entrusted to them. The direction here varies
according to the duty to be performed. It is to be done with
cheerfulness,
pleasantness, joy; with a kind, benign, and happy temper. The importance
of this direction to those in this situation is apparent. Nothing tends
so much to enhance the value of personal attendance on the sick and
afflicted, as a kind and cheerful temper. If anywhere a mild, amiable,
cheerful, and patient disposition is needed, it is near a sick bed
and when administering to the wants of those who are in affection.
And whenever we may be called to such a service, we should remember that
this is indispensable. If moroseness, or impatience, or fretfulness is
discovered in us, it will pain those whom we seek to benefit, embitter
their feelings, and render our services of comparatively little value.
The needy and infirm, the feeble and the aged, have enough to bear
without the impatience and harshness of professed friends. It may be
added, that the example of the Lord Jesus Christ is the brightest which
the world has furnished of this temper. Though constantly encompassed by
the infirm and the afflicted, yet he was always kind, and gentle, and
mild, and has left before us exactly what the apostle meant when he
said, "he that showeth mercy, with cheerfulness." The example of the good
Samaritan is also another instance of what is intended by this direction.
Comp. 2 Corinthians 9:7. This direction is particularly applicable to a
physician.
We have here an account of the establishment, the order, and the duties
of the different members of the Christian church. The amount of it all
is, that we should discharge with fidelity the duties which belong to us
in the sphere of life in which we are placed; and not despise the rank
which God has assigned us; not to think of ourselves more highly than we
ought; but to act well our part, according to the station where we are
placed, and the talents with which we are endowed. If this were done,
it would put an end to discontent, ambition, and strife, and would
produce the blessings of universal peace and order.
{1} "giveth" or, "imparteth"
{2} "simplicity" or, "liberally"
{t} "that ruleth" Psalms 111
{u} "cheerfulness" \\2Co 9:7\\
Verse 9. Let love. The apostle proceeds to specify the duties of
Christians in general, that they might secure the beauty and order of
the church. The first which he specifies is love. This word here
evidently refers to benevolence, or to good-will toward all mankind.
In Romans 12:10, he specifies the duty of brotherly love; and there can
be no doubt that he here refers to the benevolence which we ought
to cherish towards all men, A similar distinction is found in
2 Peter 1:7, "And to brotherly kindness add charity," i.e.,
benevolence, or good will, and kind feelings to others.
Without dissimulation. Without hypocrisy. Let it be sincere and
unfeigned. Let it not consist in words or professions only, but let it
be manifested in acts of kindness and in deeds of charity,
1 John 3:18, Comp. 1 Peter 1:22. Genuine benevolence is not that which
merely professes attachment, but which is evinced by acts of kindness and
affection.
Abhor that which is evil. The word abhor means, to hate; to turn
from; to avoid. The word evil here has reference to malice, or
unkindness, rather than to evil in general. The apostle is exhorting to
love, or kindness; and between the direction to love all men,
and the particular direction about brotherly love, he places this general
direction to abhor that which is evil--that which is evil in relation to
the subject under discussion, that is, malice or unkindness.
The word evil is not unfrequently used, in this limited sense, to
denote some particular or special evil, Matthew 5:37,39, etc.
Comp. \\Ps 34:14 2Ti 2:19 Ps 97:10 1Th 5:22\\.
Cleave to that which is good. The word rendered cleave to
denotes, properly, the act of gluing, or uniting firmly by glue. It
is then used to denote a very firm adherence to an object; to be firmly
fitted to it. There it means, that Christians should be firmly
attached to that which is good, and not separate or part from it. The
good here referred to is particularly that which pertains to
benevolence --to all men, and especially to Christians. It should not
be occasional only, or irregular; but it should be constant, active,
decided.
{v} "dissimulation" 1 Peter 1:22
{w} "that which is evil" Psalms 34:14
Verse 10. Be kindly affectioned. The word here used occurs nowhere
else in the New Testament. It properly denotes tender affection,
such as that which subsists between parents and children; and it
means, that Christians should have similar feelings towards each
other, as belonging to the same family, and as united in the same
principles and interests. The Syriac renders this, "Love your
brethren, and love one another." Comp. 1 Peter 2:17.
With brotherly love. Or, in love to the brethren. The word denotes the
affection which subsists between brethren. The duty is one which
is often presented in the New Testament, and which our Saviour
intended should be regarded as a badge of discipleship.
See Barnes " :", "By this shall all men know that ye are my
disciples, if ye have love one to another;" John 15:12,17; Ephesians 5:2;
1 Thessalonians 4:9; 1 Peter 1:22; 1 John 2:7,8; 3:11,23; 4:20,21. The apostle Paul in
this place manifests his peculiar manner of writing, he does not simply
enjoin brotherly love, but he adds that it should be kindly
affectioned. It should be with the tenderness which characterizes
the most endearing natural relationship. This he expresses by a word
which is made for the occasion, (\~filostorgoi\~) blending love with natural
affection, and suffering it to be manifest in your intercourse with one
another.
In honour. In showing or manifesting respect or honour. Not
in seeking honour, or striving after respect, but in showing it to
one another.
Preferring one another. The word preferring means going before,
leading, setting an example. Thus in showing mutual respect and
honour, they were to strive to excel; not to see which could obtain
most honour, but which could confer most, or manifest most
respect. Comp. 1 Peter 5:5; Ephesians 5:21. Thus they were to be studious to
show to each other all the respect which was due in the various relations
of life; children to show proper respect to parents, parents to children,
servants to their masters, etc.; and all to strive, by mutual
kindness, to promote the happiness of the Christian community. How
different this from the spirit of the world; the spirit which seeks not
to confer honour, but to obtain it; which aims not to diffuse respect,
but to attract all others to give honour to us. If this single direction
were to be obeyed in society, it would put an end at once to no small
part of the envy, and ambition, and heart-burning, and dissatisfaction
of the world. It would produce contentment, harmony, love, and order in
the community; and stay the progress of crime, and annihilate the
evils of strife, and discord, and malice. And especially, it would
give order and beauty to the church. It would humble the ambition of
those who, like Diotrephes, love to have the preeminence, (3 John 1:9)
and make every man willing to occupy the place for which God has
designed him, and rejoice that his brethren may be exalted to higher
posts of responsibility and honour.
{x} "affectioned" 1 Peter 2:17
{1} "brotherly love" or, "in the love of the brethren"
Verse 11. Not slothful. The word rendered slothful refers to
those who are slow, idle, destitute of promptness of mind and activity.
Comp. Matthew 25:26.
In business, (\~th spoudh\~). This is the same word which, in
Romans 12:88, is rendered diligence. It properly denotes
haste intensity, ardour of mind; and hence it also denotes
industry, labour. The direction means, that we should
be diligently occupied in our proper employment. It does not
refer to any particular occupation, but is used, in a general
sense, to denote all the labour which we may have to do; or is a
direction to be faithful and industrious in the discharge of all our
appropriate duties. Comp. Ecclesiastes 9:10. The tendency of the
Christian religion is to promote industry.
(1.) It teaches the value of time.
(2.) Presents numerous and important things to be done.
(3.) It inclines men to be conscientious in the improvement of each
moment.
(4.) And it takes away the mind from those pleasures and pursuits which
generate and promote indolence. The Lord Jesus was constantly employed in
filling up the great duties of his life; and the effect of his religion
has been to promote industry wherever it has spread, both among nations
and individuals. An idle man and a Christian are names which do
not harmonize. Every Christian has enough to do to occupy all his
time; and he whose life is spent in ease, and in doing nothing,
should doubt altogether his religion. God has assigned us much
to accomplish; and he will hold us answerable for the faithful
performance of it. Comp. John 5:17; 9:14; 1 Thessalonians 4:11; 2 Thessalonians 3:10,12.
All that would be needful to transform the idle, and vicious, and
wretched, into sober and useful men, would be to give to them the spirit
of the Christian religion. See the example of Paul, Acts 20:34,35.
Fervent. This word is usually applied to water, or to metals so
heated as to bubble, or boil. It hence is used to denote ardour,
intensity, or, as we express it, a glow--meaning intense zeal,
Acts 18:25.
In spirit. In your mind or heart. The expression is used to denote
a mind filled with intense ardour in whatever it is engaged. It is
supposed that Christians would first find appropriate objects for
their labour, and then engage in them with intense ardour and
zeal.
Serving. Regarding yourselves as the servants of the Lord. This
direction is to be understood as connected with the preceding, and as
growing out of it. They were to be diligent and fervid, and in
doing so were to regard themselves as serving the Lord, or to
do it inobedience to the command of God, and to promote his glory. The
propriety of this caution may easily be seen.
(1.) The tendency of worldly employments is to take off the affections
from God.
(2.) Men are prone to forget God when deeply engaged in their worldly
employments. It is proper to recall their attention to him.
(3.) The right discharge of our duties in the various employments of life
is to be regarded as serving God. He has arranged the order of things in
this life to promote employment. He has made industry essential to
happiness and success; and hence to be industrious, from proper motives,
is to be regarded as acceptable service of God.
(4.) He has required that all such employments should be conducted
with reference to his will and to his honour, 1 Corinthians 10:31; Ephesians 6:5;
Colossians 3:17,22-24; 1 Peter 4:11. The meaning of the whole verse is, that
Christians should be industrious, should be ardently engaged in some
lawful employment, and that they should pursue it with reference to the
will of God, in obedience to his commands, and to his glory.
{z} "fervent" Acts 20:34,35
{a} "in spirit" Colossians 4:12
{b} "serving the Lord" Hebrews 12:22
Verse 12. Rejoicing in hope. That is, in the hope of eternal life and
glory which the gospel produces. See Barnes "Romans 5:2,3".
Patient in tribulation. In affliction, patiently enduring all that
may be appointed. Christians may be enabled to do this by the
sustaining influence of their hope of future glory; of being admitted
to that world where there shall be no more death, and where all
tears shall be wiped away from their eyes, Revelation 21:4; 7:17.
Comp. James 1:4. See the influence of hope in sustaining us ia
affliction more fully considered in the Notes on Romans 8:18-28.
Continuing instant in prayer. That is, be persevering in prayer.
See Colossians 4:2. See Barnes "Luke 18:1". The meaning of this
direction is, that in order to discharge aright the duties of the
Christian life, and especially to maintain a joyful hope, and to be
sustained in the midst of afflictions, it is necessary to cherish a
spirit of prayer, and to live near to God. How often a Christian
should pray, the Scriptures do not inform us. Of David. we are
told that he prayed seven times a day, (Psalms 119:164) of Daniel,
that he was accustomed to pray three times a day, (Daniel 6:10)
of our Saviour we have repeated instances of his praying mentioned;
and the same of the apostles, The following rules, perhaps, may
guide us in this:
(1.) Every Christian should have some time, allotted for this
service, and some place where he may be alone with God.
(2.) It is not easy, perhaps not possible, to maintain a life of piety
without regular habits of secret devotion.
(3.) The morning, when we have experienced God's protecting care,
when the mind is fresh, and the thoughts are as yet clear and unoccupied
with the world, when we go forth to the duties, trials, and temptations
of the day; and the evening, when we have again experienced his
goodness, and are about to commit ourselves to his protecting care, and
when we need his pardoning mercy for the errors and follies of the day,
seem to be times which commend themselves to all as appropriate seasons
for private devotion.
(4.) Every person will also find other times when private prayer will
be needful, and when he will be inclined to it. In affliction, in
perplexity, in moments of despondency, in danger, and want, in
disappointment, and in the loss of friends, we shall feel the propriety
of drawing near to God, and of pouring out the heart before him.
(5.) Besides this, every Christian is probably conscious of times when
he feels peculiarly inclined to pray; he feels just like praying;
he has a spirit of supplication; and nothing but prayer will meet
the instinctive desires of his bosom. We are often conscious of an earnest
desire to see and converse with an absent friend, to have communion with
those we love; and we value such fellowship as among the happiest moments
of life. So with the Christian. He may have an earnest desire to have
communion with God; his heart pants for it; and he cannot resist the
propensity to seek him, and pour out his desires before him. Compare the
feelings expressed by David in Psalms 42:1,2,
"As the hart panteth after the water-brooks, so panteth my
soul after thee, O God. My soul thirsteth for God, for the
living God: when shall I come and appear before God?"
Comp. Psalms 63:1. Such seasons should be improved; they are the
"spring-times" of our piety; and we should expand every sail, that we
may be "filled with all the fulness of God." They are happy, blessed
moments of our life; and then devotion is sweetest and most pure;
and then the soul knows what it is to have fellowship with the
Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ, 1 John 1:3.
(6.) In addition to all this, Christians may be in the habit of praying
to God without the formality of retirement. God looks upon the heart;
and the heart may pour forth its secret desires to Him even when in
business, when conversing with a friend, when walking, when alone, and
when in society. Thus the Christian may live a life of prayer; and it
shall be one of the characteristics of his life that he prays!
By this he shall be known; and in this he shall learn the way to
possess peace in religion.
"In every joy that crowns my days,
In every pain I bear,
My heart shall find delight in praise,
Or seek relief in prayer.
"When gladness wings my favour'd hour,
Thy love my thoughts shall fill;
Resigned when storms of sorrow lower,
My soul shall meet thy will.
"My lifted eye, without a tear,
The gathering storm shall see;
My steadfast heart shall know no fear:
That heart shall rest on thee."
{c} "in hope" Romans 5:2,3
{d} "in tribulation" James 1:4
{e} "instant in prayer" Luke 18:1
Verse 13. Distributing. The word used here denotes having things in
common, (\~koinwnountev\~). It means, that they should be communicative, or
should regard their property as so far common as to supply the wants
of others. In the earliest times of the church, Christians had all
things in common, See Barnes "Acts 2:44" and felt themselves
bound to meet all the wants of their brethren. One of the most
striking effects of Christianity was to loosen their grasp on
property, and dispose them to impart liberally to those who had need.
The direction here does not mean that they should literally
have all things in common; that is, to go back to a state of savage
barbarity; but that they should be liberal, should partake of their
good things with those who were needy. Comp. Galatians 6:6; Romans 15:27;
Philippians 4:15; 1 Timothy 6:18.
To the necessity. To the wants. That is, distribute to them such
things as they need--food, raiment, etc. This command, of course,
has reference to the poor.
Of saints. Of Christians, or the friends of God. They are called
saints as being holy, (\~agioi\~) or consecrated to God. This duty of
rendering aid to Christians especially, does not interfere with the
general love of mankind. The law of the New Testament is, (Galatians 6:10)
"As we have opportunity, let us do good to all men, especially
to them who are of the household of faith." The Christian is indeed to
love all mankind, and to do them good as far as may be in his power,
Matthew 5:43,44; Titus 3:8; 1 Timothy 6:18; Hebrews 13:16. But he is to show
particular interest in the welfare of his brethren, and to see that
the poor members of the church are provided for; for
(1.) they are our brethren; they are of the same family; they are
attached to the same Lord; and to do good to them is to evince love
to Christ, Matthew 25:40; Mark 9:41.
(2.) They are left especially to the care of the church; and if the
church neglects them, we may be sure the world will also, Matthew 26:11.
Christians, especially in the time of the apostles, had reason to expect
little compassion from the men of the world. They were persecuted
and oppressed; they would be embarrassed in their business, perhaps
thrown out of occupation, by the opposition of their enemies:
and it was therefore peculiarly incumbent on their brethren to aid
them. To a certain extent it is always true, that the world is
reluctant to aid the friends of God; and hence the poor followers
of Christ are in a peculiar manner thrown on the benefactions of
the church,
(3.) It is not improbable that there might be a peculiar reason at that
time for enjoining this on the attention of the Romans. It was a time of
persecution, and perhaps of extensive distress. In the days of Claudius,
(about A.D. 50,) there was a famine in Judea which produced great
distress, and many of the poor and oppressed might flee to the capital
for aid. We know, from other parts of the New Testament, that at that
time the apostle was deeply interested in procuring aid for the poor
brethren in Judea, Romans 15:25,26. Comp. Acts 19:21; 2 Corinthians 8:1-7;
2 Corinthians 9:2-4. But the same reasons for aiding the poor followers of
Christ will exist substantially in every age; and one of the most
precious privileges conferred on men, is to be permitted to assist
those who are the friends of God, Psalms 41:1-3; Proverbs 14:21.
Given to hospitality. This expression means that they should
readily and cheerfully entertain strangers. This is a duty which is
frequently enjoined in the Scriptures. Hebrews 13:2, "Be not forgetful
to entertain strangers: for thereby some have entertained angels
unawares." 1 Peter 4:9, "Use hospitality one to another without
grudging." Paul makes this especially the duty of a Christian bishop:
1 Timothy 3:2, "A bishop then must--be given to hospitality;"
Titus 1:8. Hospitality is especially enjoined by the Saviour,
and its exercise commanded: Matthew 10:40,42, "He that receiveth you
receiveth me," etc. The want of hospitality is one of the charges which
the Judge of mankind will allege against the wicked, and on which he
will condemn them: Matthew 25:43, "I was a stranger, and ye took me not
in." It is especially commended to us by the example of Abraham,
(Genesis 18:1-8,) and of Lot, (Genesis 19:1,2,) who thus received angels
unawares. It was one of the virtues on which Job particularly
commended himself, and which he had not failed to practise.
Job 31:16,17, "If I have withheld the poor from theft desire, or
have caused the eyes of the widow to fail; or have eaten my morsel
myself alone, and the fatherless hath not eaten thereof," etc. In
the time of our Saviour it was, evidently practised in the most open and
frank manner. Luke 10:7, "And in the same house remain, eating and
drinking such things as they give." A remarkable instance is also
mentioned in Luke 11:5. This virtue is no less common in eastern
nations at present than it was in the time of Christ. It is
eminently the virtue of oriental nations, of their ardent and open
temperament. It springs up naturally in countries thinly settled, where
the sight of a stranger would be therefore peculiarly pleasant; in
countries, too, where the occupation was chiefly to attend flocks,
and where there was much leisure for conversation; and where
the population was too sparse, and the travellers too infrequent, to
justify inn-keeping as a business. From all these causes, it has
happened that there are, properly speaking, no inns or taverns
in the regions around Palestine. It was customary, indeed, to
erect places for lodging and shelter at suitable distances, or by the
side of springs or watering-places, for travellers to lodge in. But
they are built at the public expense, and are unfurnished. Each
traveller carries his own bed and clothes and cooking utensils, and
such places are merely designed as a shelter for caravans. (See
Robinson's Calmet, Art. Caravanserai.) It is still so; and hence
it becomes, in their view, a virtue of high order to entertain, at
their own tables, and in their families, such strangers as may be
travelling. Niebuhr says, that "the hospitality of the Arabs has
always been the subject of promise; and I believe that those of the
present day exercise this virtue no less than the ancients did.
There are, in the villages of Tehama, houses which are public, where
travellers may lodge and be entertained some days gratis, if they
will be content with the fare; and they are much frequented.
When the Arabs are at table, they invite those who happen to
come to eat with them, whether they be Christians or Mohammedans,
gentle or simple." "The primitive Christians," says Calmet, "considered
one principle part of their duty to consist in showing hospitality to
strangers. They were, in fact, so ready in discharging this duty, that
the very heathen admired them for it. They were hospitable to all
strangers, but especially to those who were of the household of faith.
Believers scarcely ever travelled without letters of communion, which
testified the purity of their faith, and procured for them a favourable
reception wherever the name of Jesus Christ was known." (Calmet,
Dict.) Calmet is also of opinion that the two minor epistles of John may
be such letters of recommendation and communion. Comp. 2 John 1:10.
It may be added, that it would be particularly expected of Christians
that they should show hospitality to the ministers of religion. They
were commonly poor; they received no fixed salary; they travelled
from place to place; and they would be dependent for support on
the kindness of those who loved the Lord Jesus Christ. This was
particularly intended by our Saviour's instructions on the subject,
Matthew 10:11-13,40-42. The duty of hospitality is still binding
on Christians and all men. The law of Christ is not repealed. The
customs of society are indeed changed; and one evidence of
advancement in commerce and in security is furnished in the fact
that inns are now provided and patronized for the traveller in all
Christian lands. Still this does not lessen the obligations to show
hospitality. It is demanded by the very genius of the Christian
religion; it evinces proper love towards mankind; it shows that
there is a feeling of brotherhood and kindness towards others, when
such hospitality is shown. It unites society, creates new bonds
of interest and affection, to show kindness to the stranger and to
the poor. To what extent this is to be done, is one of those questions
which are to be left to every man's conscience and views of duty. No
rule can be given on the subject. Many men have not the means to be
extensively hospitable; and many are not placed in situations that
require it. No rules could be given that should be applicable to
all cases; and hence the Bible has left the general direction,
has furnished examples where it was exercised, has recommended it to
mankind, and then has left every man to act on the rule, as he will
answer it to God. See Matthew 25:34-46.
{f} "to the necessity of saints" Psalms 41; Hebrews 13:16
{g} "to hospitality" Hebrews 13:2; 1 Peter 4:9
Verse 14. Bless them, etc. See Barnes "Matthew 5:44". Comp.
Luke 6:28.
Bless, and curse not. Bless only; or continue to bless, however long
or aggravated may be the injury. Do not be provoked to anger, or to
cursing, by any injury, persecution, or reviling. This is one of the
most severe and difficult duties of the Christian religion; and it is a
duty which nothing else but religion will enable men to perform. To
curse denotes, properly, to devote to destruction. Where there
is power to do it, it implies the destruction of the object. Thus the
fig-tree that was cursed by the Saviour soon withered away,
Mark 11:21. Thus those whom God curses will be certainly destroyed,
Matthew 25:41. Where there is not power to do it, to curse implies
the invoking of the aid of God to devote to destruction. Hence it means,
to imprecate; to implore a curse from God to rest on others; to pray
that God would destroy them. In a larger sense still, it means to abuse
by reproachful words; to calumniate; or to express one's self in a
violent, profane, and outrageous manner. In this passage it seems to
have especial reference to this.
{h} "Bless them which persecute you" Matthew 5:44
Verse 15. Rejoice with them, etc. This command grows out of the
doctrine stated in Romans 12:4,5 that the church is one; that it
has one interest; and therefore that there should be common sympathy in
its joys and sorrows. Or, enter into the welfare of your fellow-
Christians, and show your attachment to them by rejoicing that
they are made happy. Comp. 1 Corinthians 12:26. "And whether-- one member
be honoured, all the members rejoice with it." In this way happiness
diffuses and multiplies itself. It becomes expanded over the face of the
whole society; and the union of the Christian body tends to enlarge
the sphere of happiness, and to prolong the joy conferred by religion.
God has bound the family of man together by these sympathies, and it is
one of the happiest of all devices to perpetuate and extend human
enjoyments.
Weep, etc. See Barnes "John 11:35". At the grave of Lazarus our
Saviour evinced this in a most tender and affecting manner. The
design of this direction is to produce mutual kindness and affection,
and to divide our sorrows by the sympathies of friends. Nothing is so
well fitted to do this as the sympathy of those we love. All who are
afflicted know how much it diminishes theft sorrow to see others
sympathizing with them, and especially those who evince in theft
sympathies the Christian spirit, How sad would be a suffering world if
there were none who regarded our griefs with interest or with tears! if
every sufferer were left to bear his sorrows unpitied and alone! and if
all the ties of human sympathy were rudely cut at once, and men were
left to suffer in solitude, and unbefriended! It may be added, that it
is the special duty of Christians to sympathize in each other's griefs,
(1.) because their Saviour set them the example;
(2) because they belong to the same family;
(3) because they are subject to similar trials and afflictions; and
(4) because they cannot expect the sympathy of a cold and unfeeling
world.
{i} "Rejoice with them" 1 Corinthians 12:26.
Verse 16. Be of the same mind, etc. This passage has been variously
interpreted. "Enter into each other's circumstances, in order to
see how you would yourself feel." Chrysostom. "Be agreed in
your opinions and views." Stuart. "Be united or agreed with
each other." Flatt. Comp. Php 2:2 2Co 13:11. A literal
translation of the Greek will give somewhat a different sense, but
one evidently correct. "Think of, that is, regard, or seek after the
same thing for each other; that is, what you regard or seek for
yourself, seek also for your brethren. Do not have divided
interests; do not be pursuing different ends and aims; do not indulge
counter plans and purposes; and do not seek honours, offices, for
yourself, which you do not seek for your brethren; so that you may
still regard yourselves as brethren on a level, and aim at the same
object." The Syriac has well rendered the passage: "And what
you think concerning yourselves, the same also think concerning
your brethren; neither think with an elevated or ambitious mind,
but accommodate yourselves to those who are of humbler condition." Comp.
1 Peter 3:8.
Mind not high things. Greek, Not thinking of high things. That is,
not seeking them, or aspiring after them. The connexion shows that the
apostle had in view those things which pertained to worldly offices and
honours--wealth, and state, and grandeur. They were not to seek them for
themselves; nor were they to court the society or the honours of the men
in an elevated rank in life. Christians were commonly of the poorer
ranks, and they were to seek their companions and joys there, and not to
aspire to the society of the great and the rich. Comp. Jeremiah 45:5,
"And seekest thou great things for thyself? Seek them not."
Luke 12:15.
Condescend. (\~sunapagomenoi\~). Literally, "being led away by, or
being conducted by." It does not properly mean to condescend,
but denotes a yielding, or being guided and led in the thoughts,
feelings, plans, by humble objects. Margin, "Be contented with mean
things."
To men of low estate. In the Greek the word here is an adjective,
(\~tapeinoiv\~) and may refer either to men or to things, either in
the masculine or neuter gender. The sentiment is not materially changed,
whichever interpretation is adopted. It means, that Christians should
seek the objects of interest and companionship not among the great,
the rich, and the noble, but among the humble and the obscure.
They should do it because their Master did it before them; because his
friends are most commonly found among those in humble life; because
Christianity prompts to benevolence, rather than to a fondness for pride
and display; and because of the influence on the mind produced by an
attempt to imitate the great, to seek the society of the rich, and to
mingle with the scenes of gaiety, folly, and ambition.
Be not wise, etc. Comp. Isaiah 5:21, "Woe unto them that are wise
in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight."
See Barnes "Romans 11:25". The meaning is, Do not trust in the conceit
of your own superior skill and understanding, and refuse to hearken to
the counsel of others.
In your own conceits. Greek, Among yourselves. Syriac, "In your
own opinion." The direction here accords with that just given; and
means, that they should not be elated with pride above theft brethren,
or be headstrong and self-confident. The tendency of religion is to
produce a low estimate of our own importance and attainments.
{k} "Be of the same mind" 1 Peter 3:8
{l} "not high things" 2 Corinthians 8:21.
{1} "condescend" or, "be contented with mean things"
{m} "Be not wise" Isaiah 5:21
Verse 17. Recompense. Render, give, or return.
See Barnes "Matthew 5:39". This is probably one of the most difficult
precepts of Christianity; but the law of Christ on the subject is
unyielding. It is a solemn demand made on all his followers, and it must
be obeyed.
Provide. The word rendered provide means, properly, to think
or mediate beforehand. Make it a matter of previous thought, of
settled plan, of design. This direction would make it a matter of
principle and fixed purpose to do that which is right; and not to leave
it to the fluctuations of feeling, or to the influence of excitement.
The same direction is given in 2 Corinthians 8:21.
Things honest. Literally, things beautiful, or comely. The
expression here does not refer to property, or to provision made
for a family, etc. The connexion requires us to understand it respecting
conduct, and especially our conduct towards those who injure us. It
requires us to evince a spirit and to manifest a deportment, in such
cases, that shall be lovely and comely in the view of others;
such as all men will approve and admire. And the apostle wisely cautions
us to provide for this, i.e. to think of it beforehand, to make it a
matter of fixed principle and purpose, so that we shall not be overtaken
and excited by passion. If left to the time when the offence shall be
given, we may be excited and off our guard, and may therefore evince an
improper temper. All persons who have ever been provoked by injury (and
who has not been?) will see the profound wisdom of this caution to
discipline and guard the temper by previous purpose, that we may
not evince an improper spirit.
In the sight of all men. Such as all must approve; such that no man
can blame; and, therefore, such as shall do no discredit to religion.
This expression is taken from Proverbs 3:4. The passage shows that men
may be expected to approve a mild, kind, and patient temper in the
reception of injuries; and facts show that this is the case. The
Christian spirit is one that the world must approve, however little
it is disposed to act on it.
{n} "Recompense to man evil" Matthew 5:39; 1 Peter 3:9
{o} "Provide things honest" 2 Corinthians 8:21
Verse 18. If it be possible. If it can be done. This expression
implies that it could not always be done. Still it should be an object
of desire; and we should endeavour to obtain it.
As much as lieth in you. This implies two things:
(1.)We are to do our utmost endeavours to preserve peace, and to appease
the anger and malice of others.
(2.) We are not to begin or to originate a quarrel. So far as
we are concerned, we are to seek peace. But then it does not always
depend on us. Others may oppose and persecute us; they will hate
religion, and may slander, revile, and otherwise injure us; or they may
commence an assault on our persons or property. For their assaults
we are not answerable; but we are answerable for our conduct towards
them; and on no occasion are we to commence a warfare with them. It may
not be possible to prevent their injuring and opposing us; but it is
possible not to begin a contention with them; and when they have
commenced a strife, to seek peace, and to evince a Christian spirit.
This command doubtless extends to everything connected with strife; and
means, that we are not to provoke them to controversy, or to prolong
it. when it is commenced. See Psalms 34:14; Matthew 5:9,39-41; Hebrews 12:14. If
all Christians would follow this command, if they would never
provoke to controversy, if they would injure no man by slander or by
unfair dealing, if they would compel none to prosecute them in law by
want of punctuality in payment of debts or honesty in business, if they
would do nothing to irritate, or to prolong a controversy when it is
commenced, it would put an end to no small part of the strife that
exists in the world.
{p} "live peaceably" Psalms 34:14
Verse 19. Dearly beloved. This expression of tenderness was
peculiarly appropriate in an exhortation to peace. It reminded them
of the affection and friendship which ought to subsist among them
as brethren.
Avenge not yourselves. To avenge is to take satisfaction for an
injury by inflicting punishment on the offender. To take such
satisfaction for injuries done to society is lawful and proper for a
magistrate, Romans 13:4; and to take satisfaction for injuries done by
sin to the universe is the province of God. But the apostle here is
addressing private individual Christians. And the command is, to avoid a
spirit and purpose of revenge. But this command is not to be so
understood that we may not seek for justice, in a regular and proper
way, before civil tribunals. If our character is assaulted, if we are
robbed and plundered, if we are oppressed contrary to the law of the
land, religion does not require us to submit to such oppression
and injury without seeking our rights in an orderly and regular
manner. If it did, it would be to give a premium to iniquity,
to countenance wickedness, and require a man, by becoming a Christian,
to abandon his rights. Besides, the magistrate is appointed for the
praise of those who do well, and to punish evil-doers, 1 Peter 2:14.
Further, our Lord Jesus did not surrender his rights, (John 18:23;)
and Paul demanded that he himself should be treated according to the
rights and privileges of a Roman citizen, Acts 16:37. The command
here not to avenge ourselves means, that we are not to take it out
of the hands of God, or the hands of the law, and to inflict it
ourselves. It is well known that where there are no laws, the business
of vengeance is pursued by individuals in a barbarous and unrelenting
manner. In a state of savage society, vengeance is immediately
taken, if possible, or it is pursued for years, and the offended man is
never satisfied until he has imbrued his hands in the blood of the
offender. Such was eminently the case among the Indians of this country.
But Christianity seeks the ascendency of the laws; and in cases
which do not admit or require the interference of the laws, in private
assaults and quarrels, it demands that we bear injury with patience, and
commit our cause unto God. See Leviticus 19:18.
But rather give place unto wrath. This expression has been
interpreted in a great variety of ways. Its obvious design is to
induce us not to attempt to avenge ourselves, but to leave it with
God. To give place, then, is to leave it for God to come in and
execute wrath or vengeance on the enemy. Do not execute wrath;
leave it to God; commit all to him; leave yourself and your enemy
in his hands, assured that he will vindicate you and punish him.
For it is written. Deuteronomy 32:35.
Vengeance is mine. That is, it belongs to me to inflict revenge.
This expression implies that it is improper for men to interfere
with that which properly belongs to God. When we are angry, and attempt
to avenge ourselves, we should remember, therefore, that we are
infringing on the prerogatives of the Almighty.
I will repay, etc. This is said in substance, though not in so many
words, in Deuteronomy 32:35,36. Its design is to assure us, that those who
deserve to be punished, shall be; and that, therefore, the business of
revenge may be safely left in the hands of God. Though we should not
do it, yet, if it ought to be done, it will be done. This assurance
will sustain us, not in the desire that our enemy shall be punished,
but in the belief that God will take the matter in his own hands;
that he call administer it better than we can; and that if our
enemy ought to be punished, he will be. We, therefore, should
leave it all with God. That God will vindicate his people, is clearly
and abundantly proved in 2 Thessalonians 1:6-10; Revelation 6:9-11; Deuteronomy 32:40-43.
{q} "avenge not yourselves" Leviticus 19:18
{r} "Vengeance is mine" Deuteronomy 32:35
Verse 20. Therefore if thine enemy hunger, etc. This verse is taken
almost literally from Proverbs 25:21,22. Hunger and thirst here
are put for want in general. If thine enemy is needy in any way,
do him good, and supply his wants. This is, in spirit, the same
as the command of the Lord Jesus, (Matthew 5:44,) "Do good to
them that hate you," etc.
In so doing. It does not mean that we are to do this for the
sake of heaping coals of fire on him, but that this will be the
result.
Thou shalt heap, etc. Coals of fire are doubtless emblematical of
pain. But the idea here is not that in so doing we shall call down
Divine vengeance on the man; but the apostle is speaking of the natural
effect or result of showing him kindness. Burning coals heaped on a
man's head would be expressive of intense agony. So the apostle says
that the effect of doing good to an enemy would be to produce pain.
But the pain will result from shame, remorse of conscience, a conviction
of the evil of his conduct, and an apprehension of Divine displeasure
that may lead to repentance. To do this, is not only perfectly
right, but it is desirable. If a man can be brought to reflection
and true repentance, it should be done. In regard to this passage
we may remark,
(1.) that the way to promote peace is to do good even to enemies.
(2.) The way to bring a man to repentance is to do him good. On this
principle God is acting continually. He does good to all, even to the
rebellious; and he designs that his goodness should lead men to
repentance, Romans 2:4. Men will resist wrath, anger, and power; but
goodness they cannot resist; it finds its way to the heart; and the
conscience does its work, and the sinner is overwhelmed at the
remembrance of his crimes.
(3.) If men would act on the principles of the gospel, the world
would soon be at peace. No man would suffer himself many
times to be overwhelmed in this way with coals of fire. It is not
human nature, bad as it is; and if Christians would meet all unkindness
with kindness, all malice with benevolence, and all wrong with right,
peace would soon pervade the community, and even opposition to the
gospel might soon die away.
{g} "If thine enemy hunger" Proverbs 25:21,22; Matthew 5:44
Verse 21. Be not overcome of evil. Be not vanquished or subdued
by injury received from others. Do not suffer your temper to be
excited; your Christian principles to be abandoned; your mild,
amiable, kind, and benevolent temper to be ruffled by any opposition or
injury which you may experience. Maintain your Christian principles
amidst all opposition, and thus show the power of the gospel. They are
overcome by evil who suffer theft temper to be excited, who become
enraged and revengeful, and who engage in contention with those who
injure them, Proverbs 16:32.
But overcome evil with good. That is, subdue or vanquish evil by
doing good to others. Show them the loveliness of a better spirit; the
power of kindness and benevolence; the value of an amiable, Christian
deportment. So doing, you may disarm them of their rage, and be the
means of bringing them to better minds.
This is the noble and grand sentiment of the Christian religion.
Nothing like this is to be found in the heathen classics; and
nothing like it ever existed among pagan nations. Christianity
alone has brought forth this lovely and mighty principle; and
one design of it is to advance the welfare of man by promoting
peace, harmony, and love. The idea of overcoming evil with good
never occurred to men until the gospel was preached. It never
has been acted on except under the influences of the gospel. On
this principle God shows kindness; on this principle the Saviour
came, and bled, and died; and on this principle all Christians
should act in treating theft enemies, and in bringing a world to
the knowledge of the Lord Jesus. If Christians will show benevolence, if
they will send forth proofs of love to the ends of the earth, the evils
of the world will be overcome. Nor can the nations be converted until
Christians act on this great and most important principle of their
religion, on the largest scale possible, TO "OVERCOME EVIL WITH
GOOD."
{g} "Be not overcome of evil" Proverbs 16:32
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