the Week of Proper 2 / Ordinary 7
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Bible Encyclopedias
Mother
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
or ( אֵם , em, a primitive word; Gr. μήτηρ; but mother-in-law is חָמוֹת , chamoth'; once חֹתֶנֶת, chothe'neth, Deuteronomy 27:23; Gr. πενθερά). "The superiority of the Hebrew over all other contemporaneous systems of legislation and of morals is strongly shown in the higher estimation of the mother in the Jewish family, as contrasted with modern Oriental, as well as ancient Oriental and classical usage. (See WOMAN). The king's mother, as appears in the case of Bathsheba, was treated with especial honor (1 Kings 2:19; Exodus 20:12; Leviticus 19:3; Deuteronomy 5:16; Deuteronomy 21:18; Deuteronomy 21:21; Proverbs 10:1; Proverbs 15:20; Proverbs 17:25; Proverbs 29:15; Proverbs 31:1; Proverbs 31:30)" (Smith). "When the father had more than one wife, the son seems to have confined the title of 'mother' to his real mother, by which he distinguished her from the other wives of his father. Hence the source of Joseph's peculiar interest in Benjamin is indicated in Genesis 43:29 by his being ' his mother's son.' The other brethren were the sons of his father by other wives. Nevertheless, when this precision was not necessary, the step-mother was sometimes styled mother. Thus Jacob (Genesis 37:10) speaks of Leah as Joseph's mother, for his real mother had long been dead. The step-mother was, however, more properly distinguished from the wombmother by the name of 'father's wife.' The word mother' was also, like FATHER, BROTHER, SISTER, employed by the Hebrews in a somewhat wider sense than is usual with us. It is used of a grandmother (1 Kings 15:10), and even of any female ancestor (Genesis 3:20); of a benefactress (Judges 5:7), and as expressing intimate relationship (Job 17:14).
In Hebrew, as in English, a nation is considered as a mother, and individuals as her children (Isaiah 1:1; Jeremiah 1:12; Ezekiel 19:2; Hosea 2:4; Hosea 4:5); so our 'mother-country,' which is quite as good as 'father-land,' which we seem beginning to copy from the Germans. Large and important cities are also called mothers, i.e., 'mother- cities' (comp. metropolis, from the Greek), with reference to the dependent towns and villages (2 Samuel 20:19), or even to the inhabitants, who are called her children (Isaiah 3:12; Isaiah 49:23). 'The parting of the way, at the head of two ways' (Ezekiel 11:21), is in the Hebrew 'the mother of the way,' because out of it the two ways arise as daughters. In Job 1:21 the earth is indicated as the common mother, to whose bosom all mankind must return.'" The term is also applied to a city as the parent or source of wickedness and abominations; as "Babylon the Great, the mother of harlots " (Revelation 17:5). The Church, as the Bride, is spoken of as the mother of believers (Isaiah 49:14-22; Isaiah 56:8-12; Psalms 87:5-6; Galatians 4:22; Galatians 4:21); and the sentiment, at once so mild and so tender, which unites the mother to her child is often alluded to in the sacred volume to illustrate the love of God to his people (Isaiah 44:1-8; Isaiah 56:6-12; 1 Corinthians 3:1-2; 1 Thessalonians 2:7; 2 Corinthians 11:2). (See CHILD).
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McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Mother'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/m/mother.html. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1870.
