the Week of Proper 25 / Ordinary 30
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Strong's #4983 - σῶμα
- Thayer
- Strong
- Mounce
- the body both of men or animals
- a dead body or corpse
- the living body
- of animals
- the bodies of planets and of stars (heavenly bodies)
- is used of a (large or small) number of men closely united into one society, or family as it were; a social, ethical, mystical body
- so in the NT of the church
- that which casts a shadow as distinguished from the shadow itself
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this Strong's Number
σῶμα, ατος, τό
(Arc. dat. pl. σωμάτεσι IG 5(2).357.156 (Stymphalus, iii B.C.)),
body of man or beast, but in Hom., as Aristarch. remarks (v. Apollon. Lex.), always dead body, corpse (whereas the living body is δέμας), ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ σώματι κύρσας Il. 3.23, cf. 18.161; ς. δὲ οἴκαδ' ἐμὸν δόμεναι πάλιν 7.79; ς. κατελείπομεν ἄθαπτον Od. 11.53; ὦν.. σώματ' ἀκηδέα κεῖται 24.187; so also in Hes. Sc. 426, Simon. 119, Pi. O. 9.34, Hdt. 7.167, Posidon. 14 J., Mark 15:43, etc.; τὸ ς. τοῦ τεθνεῶτος Pl. R. 469d, cf. Grg. 524c, D. 43.65; ς. νεκρόν POxy. 51.7 (ii A.D.); νεκρὸν ς. Gal. 18(2).93, cf. νεκρός 11.1; μέγιστον ς... σποδου, = ς. μέγιστον ὃ νῦν σποδός ἐστι, S. El. 758; also later, Wilcken Chr. 499 (ii/iii A.D.).
2. the living body, Hes. Op. 540, Batr. 44, Thgn. 650, Pi. O. 6.56, P. 8.82, Hdt. 1.139, etc.; δόμοι καὶ σώματα A. Th. 896 (lyr.); γενναῖος τῷ ς. S. Ph. 51; εὔρωστος τὸ ς. X. HG 6.1.6; τὸ ς. σῴζειν or -εσθαι save one's life, D. 22.55, Th. 1.136; διασῴζειν or -εσθαι Isoc. 6.46, X. An. 5.5.13; περὶ πολλῶν ς. καὶ χρημάτων βουλεύειν Th. 1.85; περὶ τοῦ ς. ἀγωνίζεσθαι for one's life, Lys. 5.1; ἔχειν τὸ ς. κακῶς, ὡς βέλτιστα, etc., to be in a bad, a good state of bodily health, X. Mem. 3.12.1, 3.12.5.
3. body, opp. spirit (εἴδωλον), Pi. Fr. 131; opp. soul (ψυχή), Pl. Grg. 493a, Phd. 91d; τὰ τοῦ ς. ἔργα bodily labours, X. Mem. 2.8.2; αἱ τοῦ ς. ἡδοναί, αἱ κατὰ τὸ ς. ἡδ., ib. 1.5.6, Pl. R. 328d; τὰ εἰς τὸ ς. τιμήματα bodily punishments, Aeschin. 2.139; τὰ εἰς τὸ ς. ἀδικήματα PHal. 1.193 (iii B.C.).
4. animal body, opp. plants, Pl. R. 564a (pl.); but of plants, 1 Corinthians 15:38.
5. civic rights (like Lat. caput), Lys. 23.12; ἄτιμοι τὰ ς. And. 1.74; μέρος ἠτιμῶσθαι τοῦ ς. D. 51.12.
6. in NT, of the sacramental body of Christ, τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ ς. μου Matthew 26:26; Ephesians 1 Corinthians 10:16. of the body of Christ's church, οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν ς. ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ Romans 12:5; ἡ ἐκκλησία ἥτις ἐστὶ τὸ ς. [τοῦ Χριστοῦ ] Ephesians 1:23.
II periphr., ἀνθρώπου ς. ἓν οὐδέν, = ἄνθρωπος οὐδὲ εἷς, Hdt. 1.32; esp. in Trag., σῶμα θηρός, = θήρ, S. OC 1568 (lyr.); τεκέων σώματα, = τέκνα, E. Tr. 201 (lyr.); τὸ σὸν ς., = σύ, Id. Hec. 301; rarely in sg. of many persons, σῶμα τέκνων Id. Med. 1108 (anap.).
2. a person, human being, τὰ πολλὰ ς., = οἱ πολλοί, S. Ant. 676; λευκὰ γήρᾳ ς. E. HF 909 (lyr.); ς. ἄδικα Id. Supp. 223, cf. Pl. Lg. 908a, PSI 4.359.9 366.7 (iii B.C.), etc.; ἑκάστου τοῦ σώματος, IG 12.22.14; κατὰ σῶμα per person, PRLaws 50.9 (iii B.C.); καταστήσαντες τὸ ς. ἀφείσθωσαν τῆς ἐγγύης PMich.Zen. 70.12 (iii B.C.); ἐργαζομένη αὑτῇ τῷ ἰδίῳ ς. working for her self, earning her own living, PEnteux. 26.7 (iii B.C.); τὰ φίλτατα ς., of children, Aeschin. 3.78; freq. of slaves, αἰχμάλωτα ς. D. 20.77, IG 12(7).386.25 (Amorgos, iii B.C.), SIG 588.64 (Milet., ii B.C.), etc.; οἰκετικὰ ς. Lexap. Aeschin. 1.16, cf. SIG 633.88 (Milet., ii B.C.); δοῦλα Poll. 3.78; ἐλεύθερα ς. X. HG 2.1.19, Plb. 2.6.6, etc.; later, σῶμα is used abs. for a slave, PHib. 1.54.20 (iii B.C.), Plb. 12.16.5, Revelation 18:13, etc.; ς. γυναικεῖον, ᾇ ὄνομα.. GDI 2154.6 (Delph., ii B.C.); a usage censured by Poll.l.c. and Phryn. 355; also of troops, τὴν τῶν ς. σύνταξιν Aen.Tact. 1.1; μηχανήμασιν ἢ σώμασιν ἐναντιοῦσθαι ὧδε Id. 32.1.
III generally, a body, i.e. any corporeal substance, δεῖ αὐτὸ (sc. τὸ ὄν) ς. μὴ ἔχειν Meliss. 9; ἢ μέγεθός ἐστιν ἢ ς. ἐστιν Gorg. 3; ς. ἄψυχον, ἔμψυχον, Pl. Phdr. 245e, cf. Plt. 288e, Arist. Ph. 265b29, al.; ὁ λίθος ς. ἐστι Luc. Vit.Auct. 25; φασὶν οἱ μὲν ς. εἶναι τὸν χρόνον, οἱ δὲ ἀσώματον S.E. M. 10.215; κυκλικὸν ς., of one of the spheres, Jul. Or. 5.162b, al.; τὸ πέμπτον ς. the fifth element, Philol. 12, Placit. 1.3.22, Jul. Or. 4.132c; metallic substance, Olymp. Alch.p.71 B.
2. Math., figure of three dimensions, solid, opp. a surface, etc., Arist. Top. 142b24,
Metaph. 1020a14, al. the body or whole of a thing, esp. of complete parts of the body, τὸ ς. τῶν νεφρῶν Id. HA 497a9; τὰ ς. τῶν αἰσθητηρίων Id. GA 744b24; τὸ ς. τῆς γαστρός, τῆς κοιλίας, Gal. 15.667,806; ς. παιδοποιόν Ael. NA 17.42: generally, the whole body or frame of a thing, ὑπὸ σώματι γᾶς A. Th. 947 (lyr.); τὸ ς. τοῦ παντός, τοῦ κόσμου, Pl. Ti. 31b. 32c; ὕδωρ, ποταμοῦ ς. Chaerem. 17; τὸ ς. τῆς πίστεως the body of the proof, i.e. arguments, Arist. Rh. 1354a15; τῆς λέξεως Longin. Rh. p.188 H.; of a body of writings, Cic. Att. 2.1.4; text of a document, opp. ὑπογραφή, BGU 187.12 (ii A.D.), cf. PFay. 34.20 (ii A.D.); of a will, POxy. 494.30 (ii A.D.).
2. ξύλα σώματα logs, opp. κλάδοι, POxy. 1738.3 (iii A.D.); ς. μέγα περσέας CPHerm. 7 ii 27, cf. iii 8 (iii A.D.).
σῶμα, σώματος, τό (apparently from σῶς 'entire' (but cf. Curtius, § 570; others from the root, ska, sko, 'to cover', cf. Vanicek, p. 1055; Curtius, p. 696)), the Sept. for בָּשָׂר, גְּוִיָּה, etc.; נְבֵלָה (a corpse), also for Chaldean גֶּשֶׁם; a body; and:
1. the body both of men and of animals (on the distinction between it and σάρξ see σάρξ, especially 2 at the beginning; (cf. Dickson, St. Paul's use of 'Flesh' and 'Spirit', p. 247ff));
a. as everywhere in Homer (who calls the living body δέμας and not infreqently in subsequently Greek writings, a dead body or corpse: universally, Luke 17:37; of a man, Matthew 14:12 R G; (Mark 15:45 R G); Acts 9:40; plural John 19:31; τό σῶμα τίνος, Matthew 27:58; Mark 15:43; Luke 23:52, 55; John 19:38, 40; John 20:12; Jude 1:9; of the body of an animal offered in sacrifice, plural Hebrews 13:11 (Exodus 29:14; Numbers 19:3).
b. as in Greek writings from Hesiod down, the living body: — of animals, James 3:3; — of man: τό σῶμα, absolutely, Luke 11:34; Luke 12:23; 1 Corinthians 6:13, etc.; ἐν σώματι εἶναι, of earthly life with its troubles, Hebrews 13:3; distinguished from τό αἷμα, 1 Corinthians 11:27; τό σῶμα and τά μέλη of it, 1 Corinthians 12:12, 14-20; James 3:6; τό σῶμα the temple of τό ἅγιον πνεῦμα, 1 Corinthians 6:19; the instrument of the soul, τά διά τοῦ σωματου namely, πραχθεντα, 2 Corinthians 5:10; it is distinguished — from τό πνεῦμα, in Romans 8:10; 1 Corinthians 5:3; 1 Corinthians 6:20 Rec.;
c. Since according to ancient law in the ease of slaves the body was the chief thing taken into account, it is a usage of later Greek to call slaves simply σώματα; once so in the N. T.: Revelation 18:13, where the Vulg. correctly translates bymancipia (A. V. slaves) (σώματα τοῦ οἴκου, Genesis 36:6; σώματα καί κτήνη, Tobit 10:10; Ἰουδαικα σώματα, 2 Macc. 8:11; examples from Greek writings are given by Lob. ad Phryn., p. 378f (add (from Sophocles Lexicon, under the word), Polybius 1, 29, 7; 4, 38, 4, also 3, 17, 10 bis); the earlier and more elegant Greek writings said σώματα δοῦλα, ὀικετικα, etc.).
2. The name is transferred to the bodies of plants, 1 Corinthians 15:37f, and of stars (cf. our 'heavenly bodies'), hence, Paul distinguishes between σώματα ἐπουράνια, bodies celestial, i. e. the bodies of the heavenly luminaries and of angels (see ἐπουράνιος, 1), and σώματα ἐπίγεια, bodies terrestrial (i. e. bodies of men, animals, and plants), 1 Corinthians 15:40 (ἅπαν σῶμα τῆς τῶν ὅλων φύσεως ... τό σῶμα τοῦ κόσμου, diod. 1, 11).
3. tropically σῶμα is used of a (large or small) "number of men closely united into one society, or family as it were; a social, ethical, mystical body"; so in the N. T. of the church: Romans 12:5; 1 Corinthians 10:17; 1 Corinthians 12:13; Ephesians 2:16; Ephesians 4:16; Ephesians 5:23; Colossians 1:18; Colossians 2:19 3:15; with τοῦ Χριστοῦ added, 1 Corinthians 10:16; 1 Corinthians 12:27; Ephesians 1:23; Ephesians 4:12; Ephesians 5:30; Colossians 1:24; of which spiritual body Christ; is the head, Ephesians 4:15; Ephesians 5:23; Colossians 1:18; Colossians 2:19, who by the influence of his Spirit works in the church as the soul does in the body. ἕν σῶμα καί ἕν πνεῦμα, Ephesians 4:4.
4. ἡ σκιά and τό σῶμα are distinguished as the shadow and the thing itself which casts the shadow: Colossians 2:17; σκιάν αἰτησόμενος βασιλείας, ἧς ἥρπασεν ἑαυτῷ τό σῶμα, Josephus, b. j. 2, 2, 5; ((Philo de confus. ling. § 37; Lucian, Hermot. 79)).
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σῶμα , -τος , τό ,
[in LXX for H1320, H1472, etc., and for Aram.]
a body.
1. Prop., of the human body,
(a) as always in Hom. (opp. to δέμας ), of the dead body: Matthew 27:58-59, Mark 15:43, al.;
(b) of the living body: Luke 11:34, 1 Corinthians 6:13, al.; ἐν σ . εἶναι , Hebrews 13:3; as the instrument of the soul, τὰ διὰ τοῦ σ ., 2 Corinthians 5:10; opp. to πνευμα , Romans 8:10, 1 Corinthians 5:3; 1 Corinthians 7:4, James 2:26; to ψυχή , Matthew 6:25; Matthew 10:28, Luke 12:22 (cf. Wisdom of Solomon 1:4, al.); to τὸ Papyri καὶ ἡ ψ ., 1 Thessalonians 5:23; σ . ψυχικόν , opp. to σ . πνευματικόν , 1 Corinthians 15:44; ὁ ναὸς τοῦ σ . αὐτοῦ (gen. epexeg.), John 2:21; τὸ σ . τ . ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶν (Hebraistic "gen. of definition"; M, Pr., 73 f.; B1., § 35, 5), opp. to τὸ σ . τ . δοξῆς αὐτοῦ , Philippians 3:21; similarly, τὸ σ . τ . σαρκός , Colossians 1:22; σ . τοῦ θανάτου (subject to death), Romans 7:24; σ . τ . ἁμαρτίας , Romans 6:6;
(c) periphr., ἀνθρώπου σ ., then absol., σῶμα (Soph., Xen., al.), a person, and in later writers (Polyb., al.), a slave: Revelation 18:13 (cf. MM, i, ii, xxiv; Deiss., BS, 160).
2. Of the bodies of animals: living, James 3:3; dead, Hebrews 13:11 (Exodus 29:14, al.).
3. Of inanimate objects (cf. Eng. "heavenly bodies"): 1 Corinthians 15:37-38; 1 Corinthians 15:40 (Diod., al.).
4. Of any corporeal substance (Plat., al.): opp. to σκιά , Colossians 2:17. Metaph., of a number of persons united by a common bond; in NT, of the Church as the spiritual body of Christ: Romans 12:5, 1 Corinthians 10:16-17; 1 Corinthians 12:13; 1 Corinthians 12:27, Ephesians 1:23; Ephesians 2:16; Ephesians 4:4; Ephesians 4:12; Ephesians 4:16; Ephesians 5:23; Ephesians 5:30, Colossians 1:18; Colossians 1:24; Colossians 2:19; Colossians 3:15; ἓν σ . κ . ἓν πνεῦμα , Ephesians 4:4.
Copyright © 1922 by G. Abbott-Smith, D.D., D.C.L.. T & T Clarke, London.
(1) lit. ";watch,"; ";observe"; : P Tebt II. 278.43 (early i/A.D.) τηρῖ μ ̣[ε ] γ ̣α ̣ρ, ";for he watches me (?)"; (Edd.). (2) ";guard,"; ";protect"; : PSI III. 168.9 (B.C. 118) τηροῦντός μου σὺν ἄλλοις ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμ Ποχρίμει βασιλικοῦ χώματος, P Oxy VI. 985 (accounts—2nd half i/A.D.) ἐργάτηι τηροῦντι τὸν οἶνον. . . (δραχμαὶ) δ ̄. (3) ";keep,"; ";preserve"; : BGU IV. 1141.25 (B.C. 13) κἀγὼ τὴν φιλίαν σου θέλων ἄμεμπτ [ον ] ἐματὸν ἐτήρησα (cf. 1 Thessalonians 5:23), P Oxy XIV. 1757.23 (ii/A.D., after Hadrian) κόμισαι παρὰ Θέωνος μάν ̣ι ̣α (";vessels";?) δύο καὶ τήρησόν μοι αὐτὰ ἕως ἀναβῶ, ib. III. 533.18 (ii/iii A.D.) ἵνα τηρήσωσι αὐτῶν τὴν δεξιάν, ";that they should keep their pledge,"; ib. VIII. 1160.16 (iii/iv A.D.) τὰ σεσύλληχα δὲ κέρμα <τα > τηρῶ αὐτὰ εἰς τὴν δίκην, ";I am keeping for the trial the money that I have collected"; (Ed.), and ib. X. 1298.7 (iv/A.D.) ἐγὼ μόνος (l. μόνον ?) πάνυ ἐμαυτὸν τηρῶν ὑπὲρ τὸν ἀσφαλήν, ";I have been keeping myself quite alone beyond the point of safety"; (Edd.).
A good parallel to 2 Timothy 4:7 is afforded by Brit. Mus. Inscrr. Part III. No. 587 b..5 (ii/A.D.) ὅτι τὴν πίστιν ἐτήρησα : cf. Deissmann LAE2, p. 309. See also JTS vi. (1905), p. 438, for the suggestion that in John 2:10 τηρέω = ";maintain,"; ";keep going";—";Thou hast kept going the good wine even until now."; (4) ";reserve,"; ";set aside";; P Tebt II. 302.28 (A.D. 71–2) τὴν γῆν τὴν ἀντὶ συ ]ντάξεως ἡμεῖν ἐκ διαδοχῆς γονέων τετηρημένην, ";this land which has been reserved to us instead of a subvention by inheritance from our ancestors"; (Edd.), P Amh II. 71.14 (A.D. 178–9) ὧν ἡ [κ ]αρπεία τοῦ (ἡμίσους) μέρους τετήρηται τῇ προγεγρ (αμμένῃ) μου μητρί, ";the usufruct of the half part of which was reserved to my aforesaid mother"; (Edd.), and cf. P Oxy II. 237viii. 35 (A.D. 186) οἷς ἡ μὲν χρῆσ íε ýις διὰ δημοσίων τετήρητραι χρηματισμῶν, ";to whom the usufruct of the property has been guaranteed by public contracts"; (Edd.).
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