Count and cardinal, born Gorki, Russian Poland, 1822; died Rome, 1902. After 19 years in the ecclesiastical diplomatic service, he was made Archbishop of Gnesen-Posen. During the Kulturkampf he opposed the German Government's attempt to suppress religious teaching in Polish, and after being repeatedly fined was cast into the dungeon of Ostrowo, 1874. A few weeks later Pius IX raised him to the cardinalate. In 1876, he was released from gaol and exiled, but continued ruling his diocese from Rome, till he resigned on being named secretary of papal briefs, 1885. In 1892 he was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.