Organized in the United States in 1893. Spiritualism is traced to the writings of Andrew Jackson Davis, published in 1845. The Spiritualists believe in Infinite Intelligence, expressed in the physical and spiritual phenomena of Nature; religion, the correct understanding of these phenomena and living in accordance with them; existence after death; communication with the dead; punishment for wrong-doing even after death until sufficient atonement has been made; Theism "in the broadest possible sense, as the foundation of their philosophy." They are congregational in government.