Reigned from 1691 to 1700. Born in Spinazzolo, Italy in 1615 as Antonio Pignatelli; died in Rome, Italy. He was governor of Perugia, nuncio to Poland and Vienna, cardinal-priest, Bishop of Faenza, and Archbishop of Naples. As pontiff he founded numerous charitable and educational institutions, secured the repeal of the "Declaration of the French Clergy," and suppressed simony. He inadvertently furnished the cause for the war of the Spanish Succession when, annoyed by the arrogance of the imperial ambassador, Count Martinitz, he advised Charles II of Spain to name the Duke of Anjou, a Frenchman, his testamentary successor.