Reiged from November 2, 1389 to October 1, 1404. Born c.1356at Naples, Italy as Pietro Tomacelli; died on October 1, 1404 at Rome, Italy. While pope he recognized Rupert of Bavaria as the ruler of Germany, established the University of Ferrara, and fortified Rome. During his pontificate the Papal States, as they appear in the 15th century, were founded; the synod of London in 1396 condemned the anti-papal teachings of Wyclif; and the University of Oxford, when consulted by King Richard II in 1398 issued a document in favor of the pope against the encroachment of temporal rulers.