a Protestant theologian of Germany, was born April 23, 1821, at Strobeck, near Halberstadt. He studied at Halle, and acted as private tutor in different noble families from 1845 to 1850; and from 1850 to 1860 as religious instructor in different institutions. In 1860 he was appointed chaplain at Bernburg, in 1877 first preacher, and in 1878 superintendent there; and died May 7, 1881. He devoted his entire energy to the cause of the inner mission, in which field he developed a great activity. (B. P.)