a Protestant theologian of Germany, was born in 1791 at Zweibriicken. He studied at Strasburg, where he also occupied the theological chair for more than forty years, and died July 21, 1874. He was one of the founders, and president, of the Evangelical Society, also president of the board of directors of the Lutheran Church of Alsace. His theological position was that of a rationalist. He wrote, Lehrbuch der christlichen Sittenlehre (Strasburg, 1829): — Christliche Vortrage (ibid. 1838): — Etudes Philosophiques sur le Christianisme (Paris and Strasburg, 1839; Germ. transl. by Franz Mannheim, 1847, new ed. 1850): — Die Lehre von den gottlichen Eigenschaften (Hamburg, 1842): — Betrachtungen uber Christenthum und christlichen Glauben (Strasburg, 1845): — Weisheitslehsre der Hebraer (ibid. 1851): — Das Gebet des Herrn (ibid. 1852): — Die protestantische Freiheit (ibid. 1857): — Die Lehre von der Praexistenz der menschlichen Seele (ibid. 1859). See Zuchold, Bibl. Theol. 1:193 sq.; Lichtenberger, Encyclopedie des Sciences Reliqienses, s.v.; Gerold, Joh. Fr. Bruch (Strasburg, 1874). (B.P.)