a German philosophical writer, was born July 4, 1768, at Neuenburg. In 1811 he was made professor of philosophy at Tubingen, but retired in 1836 from his academical position to Kirchheim, and died there, November 17, 1852. He wrote, Die Philosophie in ihrem Uebergange zur Nichtphilosophie (Erlangen, 1803): — System der Moral philosophie (Stuttgart, 1818): — Religionsphilosophie (Tubingen, 1818-24, 3 volumes): — Die Hegelsche Religionsphilosophie verglichen mit dem christlichen Prinzip (ibid. 1834), written against Hegel: — Der Ischariotismus unserer Tage (ibid. 1835), written against the Life of Jesus, by Strauss: — Charakteristik des Unglaubens, Halbglaubens und Vollglaubens (ibid. 1838): — Grundriss der Naturphilosophie (ibid. 1832): — Grundzuge der christlichen Philosophie (Basle, 1840): — Organon des Christenthums (Stuttgart, 1843): — Sechs Perioden der christlichen Kirche (Heilbronn, 1851). See Lichtenberger, Encyclop. des Sciences Religieuses, s.v.; Winer, Handbuch der theol. Lit. 1:286, 288, 429, 551, 594; 2:10; Zuchold, Bibl. Theol. 1:336. (B.P.)