a German historian and critic, was born at Waldenburg, June 21, 1798. He studied at different universities, was for some time teacher at Aarau, went in 1824 to Heidelberg, in 1825 to Stuttgart, and died April 23, 1873. Of his many works we only mention,. Christliche Symbolik (Mayence, 1854, 2 volumes): — Kritik des modernen Zeitbewusstseins (2d ed. 1873): — Die vorcharistliche Unsterblichkeitsfrage (1869, 2 volumes). His Denkwiirdigkeiten were published by his son Karl (Bielefeld, 1877). (B.P.)