a Protestant theologian and philosopher of Germany, was born April 23, 1805, at Magdeburg. He studied at different universities, and commenced his academical career at Halle in 1828. In 1831 he was appointed professor, and was called to Konigsberg in 1833, where he died, June 14, 1879. In his philosophical system he was a follower of Hegel, and published, Der Zweifel amn Glauben, Kritik der Schriften: De Tribus Impostoribus (Halle, 1830): — Die naturreligion (Iserlohn, 1831):Encyclopddie der theologischen Waissenschcften (Halle, eod.; 2d ed. 1845): — Kritik der Schleiermacherschen Glaubenslehre (Konigsberg, 1836): — Ueber Schelling und Hegel (1843): — Kritik der Principien der Strausschen Glaubenslehre (Leipsic, 1845): — Neue Studien (1875-77, 3 volumes). See Lichtenberger, Encyclop. des Sciences Religieuses, s.v. (B.P.)