In 1831, Mr. Campbell, minister of Row, Scotland, was deposed by the General Assembly for holding, among other errors, the doctrine of universal pardon, and a peculiar view of the nature of faith, quite similar to that of the Sandemanians (q.v.). On some other points his views touched those of Edward Irving, but his doctrines did not spread to any extent. In 1856 he published the Nature of the Atonement, in which he declares that it was not a satisfaction, but only "an adequate repentance, in no sense substitutionary," and that Christ's suffering arose "from seeing sin and sinners with God's eyes, and feeling in reference to them with God's heart."