The Ascendency in Athens of Pericles (445 B.C.); the Fall of the Persian Empire (330 B.C.); the Death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.); the Reduction of Greece to a Roman province, and the Ruin of Carthage (146 B.C.); the Battle of Actium (31 B.C.); Birth of Christ, 14th year of Augustus; Commencement of the Middle Ages; Ruin of the Roman Empire by the Barbarians; Clovis, ruler of Gaul; the Flight of Mahomet; Charlemagne, Emperor of the West; Treaty of Verdun; the Crusades (1096-1291); Employment of Cannon at Crécy; Invention of Printing; Taking of Constantinople by Mahomet II.; Discovery of America by Columbus; Copernican System published; Accession of Leo X. as Pope; the Reformation of Luther; Publication of Bacon's "Novum Organon"; Publication of Descartes's "Discourse on Method"; the Peace of Westphalia; Reign of Louis XIV. at its Height, and Peace of Nimeguen; Publication of Newton's Theory of Gravitation; Watt's Invention of the Steam-Engine; Independence of the United States; Coup d'état of 10th Brumaire; Waterloo, and Congress of Vienna; Introduction of Railroads into England; First Attempt at Electric Telegraphy in France; Africa traversed by Livingstone (1852-1854); Publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species"; Opening of the Suez Canal; Proclamation of the German Empire; Congress of Berlin.