Austrian economist; born at St. Georgen May 31, 1840. After winning his doctor's degree he became privat-docent at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, and afterward associate professor at the Hochschule für Bodenkultur. He wrote: "Volkswirthshaftliche und Socialphilosophische Essays" (1880); "Elemente der Volkswirthschaftslehre" (Vienna, 1882; 3d ed. 1896); "System der Sozialen und Politischen Oekonomie" (ib. 1885, 2d ed. 1889); "Das Recht auf Arbeit und das Sittliche in der Volkswirthschaft" (ib. 1886); "Wahre Ursachen der Ueberproduktionskrisen" (1892); "Das Sinken des Zinsfusses" (ib. 1893), a lecture delivered before the Vienna Merchants' Association; "Die Fundamente der Volkswirthschaftslehre: Kritik und Neugestaltung" (Leipsic, 1894), previously published in the 36th ed. of Rothschild's "Taschenbuch für Kaufleute"; "Das Hauptproblem der Modernen Volkswirthschaft" (Vienna, 1899), a lecture delivered before the Society of Austrian Engineers and Architects.