German librarian and author; born May 1, 1841. He was for some time chief librarian at the University of Erlangen, and has made a specialty of the history of art. Among his writings are: "Dürers Stellung zur Reformation" (1886); "Michelangelo" (1888); "Die Holländische Malerei des 17ten Jahrhunderts" (1892); "Albrecht Dürer" (1900). With J. Merz he edits the "Christliches Kunstblatt."