Historical Writings

The Concordat of Worms was reached between Pope Callistus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. It settled the Investiture Controversy over who had the right -- bishop or emperor -- to choose replacement clergy for vacant positions.

Death of John Jewel, English church reformer.

Spain launched an intensive missionary campaign in the American Southeast. During the next two years, about 1,500 American Indians were converted to the Catholic faith.

In Williamsburg, Virginia, a law was passed, barring slaves from obtaining their freedom by converting to Christianity.

Death in Leyden of Herman Boerhaave, a Christian humanist who distinguished himself as a physician and isolated urea from urine. He also had introduced the thermometer into common medical use and encouraged doctors to employ a bedside manner considerate of patients. He will be regarded as the father of modern clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital.

Death of Baptist hymnwriter Alice Flowerdew best known for her hymn "Fountain of Mercy, God of Love."

Death in Franklin, Massachusetts, of Nathanael Emmons, an influential Congregational theologian and pastor who developed a modified Calvinism that placed more responsibility on individual choice than was usual in Calvinist systems.

Death from cholera of the Russian theologian Alexei Khomiakov, while treating his peasants during an epidemic. A Slavophile and many-talented man, he had been subject to censorship during his life, but his writings will nonetheless influence Dostoevsky, Solovyov, Florensky, and others.

Birth of Gerhard Kittel, German Lutheran Bible scholar. He was first editor of a 10-volume Greek lexicon which took 43 years to complete (1933-76). In its English edition (1964-76), the work is entitled, "Theological Dictionary of the New Testament" -- or "TDNT" for short.

Death at Headington, England, of hymnwriter and hymn translator Frances Elizabeth Cox.

The first of the Unshackled broadcasts airs. These will tell stories of people who find that Christ alone can free from bondage to sin.

While mourning the recent death of his wife Joy Davidman, English apologist C.S. Lewis wrote in a letter: 'My great recent discovery is that when I mourn Joy least I feel nearest to her. Passionate sorrow cuts us off from the dead.'

Burial of Joseph Adeyemo Taiwo, who had been a zealous Baptist minister and church planter in Nigeria.