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Alva, Duke of

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Dictionaries
1910 New Catholic Dictionary
• Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of
Encyclopedias
1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
• Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva
The Nuttall Encyclopedia
• Alva, Duke of
The Catholic Encyclopedia
• The Duke of Alva

A general of the armies of Charles V. and Philip of Spain; his career as a general was uniformly successful, but as a governor his cruelty was merciless, especially as the viceroy of Philip in the Low Countries, "very busy cutting off high heads in Brabant, and stirring up the Dutch to such fury as was needful for exploding Spain and him" (1508-1582).