Lectionary Calendar
Friday, July 18th, 2025
the Week of Proper 10 / Ordinary 15
the Week of Proper 10 / Ordinary 15
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Bible Commentaries
Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Ellicott's Commentary
Copyright Statement
These files are public domain.
Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission.
These files are public domain.
Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission.
Bibliographical Information
Ellicott, Charles John. "Commentary on 2 Kings 3". "Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/ebc/2-kings-3.html. 1905.
Ellicott, Charles John. "Commentary on 2 Kings 3". "Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers". https://www.studylight.org/
Whole Bible (40)Old Testament (1)Individual Books (3)
Verse 1
III.
THE REIGN OF JEHORAM OF ISRAEL, AND HIS EXPEDITION AGAINST MOAB, IN WHICH JEHOSHAPHAT OF JUDAH TAKES PART.
(1) Began to reign.âLiterally, reigned.
The eighteenth year.âComp. Note on 2 Kings 1:17; 2 Kings 8:16.
Verse 2
(2) Wrought evil.âDid the evil in the eyes, &c., i.e., maintained the illicit worship of the bullock at Beth-el (2 Kings 3:3).
Like his mother.âJezebel lived throughout his reign (2 Kings 9:30), which explains why he did not eradicate the Baal-worship (2 Kings 10:18-28).
For he put away.âAnd he removed, scil., from its place in the temple of Baal. (Comp. 1 Kings 16:31-32.) It must have been afterwards restored, probably by the influence of Jezebel. (Comp. 2 Kings 10:26-27, and Notes.)
The image.âPillar. (Comp. 2 Chronicles 34:4.) The LXX., Vulg., and Arabic read âpillarsâ (a different pointing); and the LXX. adds at the end, âand brake them in pieces.â This seems original. Ahab would be likely to set up more than one pillar to Baal.
Verse 3
(3) He cleaved unto the sins of Jeroboam.â1 Kings 12:28, seq., 1 Kings 16:2; 1 Kings 16:26.
Therefrom.âHeb., from it (a collective feminine). So in 2 Kings 13:2; 2 Kings 13:6; 2 Kings 13:11.
Verse 4
(4) The revolt of Moab, continued from 2 Kings 1:1. Ahaziah did not reign two full years, and his accident seems to have prevented any attempt on his part to reduce the Moabites.
Mesha.âThe name means âdeliverance, salvation,â and occurs on the monument set up by this king, describing his victories and buildings. (See Note on 2 Kings 1:1.)
A sheep-master.âHeb., nôqçd (Amos 1:1). In Arabic, naqad means a kind of sheep of superior wool; naqqâd, the owner or shepherd of such sheep. The land of Moab is mountainous, but well watered, and rich in fertile valleys, and thus specially suited for pasture; and the Arabian wilderness lay open to the Moabite shepherds and their flocks.
Rendered.âUsed to render (waw conversive of the perfect); scil., year by year. This tribute is referred to in Isaiah 16:1.
With the wool.âRather, in wool (an accusative of limitation). The word rendered âlambsâ (kârîm) means lambs fatted for food. The expression âin wool,â therefore, relates only to the rams. Meshaâs annual tribute was paid in kind, and consisted of a hundred thousand fatted lambs and the fleeces of a hundred thousand rams. This was a heavy burden for a country no larger than the county of Huntingdon. (Comp. Meshaâs own allusions to the âoppressionâ of Moab by Omri and Ahab, 2 Kings 1:1, Note.) The LXX. adds, á¼Î½ Ïá¿ á¼ÏαναÏÏá½±Ïει (âin the revoltâ); implying that the present rebellion was distinct from that of 2 Kings 1:1, and that this tribute was imposed as an indemnity for the former revolt. The addition is probably due to a transcriber.
Verse 5
(5) But.âAnd.
When.âSo some MSS. The ordinary text has, âabout the time of Ahabâs deathâ (ke for be).
Rebelledâi.e., refused payment of the annual tribute.
Verse 6
(6) The same time.âLiterally, in that day; which, in Hebrew, is a much less definite phrase than in English. The time intended is that when the Moabite refusal of tribute was received by Jehoram, who, on his accession, would demand it afresh.
Numbered.âMustered, made a levy of.
Verse 7
(7) Wilt thou go.âSo Ahab asks Jehoshaphat in 1 Kings 22:4, and he replies as here, âI am as thou art,â &c. This indicates that the present section was originally composed by the same hand as 1 Kings 20:1-34; 1 Kings 22:1-37 (Thenius) Jehoshaphat assented, in spite of the prophetic censures of his alliance with Ahab and Ahaziah (2 Chronicles 19:2; 2 Chronicles 20:37); perhaps because he was anxious to inflict further punishment on the Moabites for their inroad into Judah (2 Chronicles 20:0), and to prevent any recurrence of the same (Keil).
Against Moab to battle?âOr, into Moab to the war?
Verse 8
(8) And he saidâi.e., Jehoram said.
Which way.âThey might cross the Jordan, and attack the northern frontier of Moab, or they might round the southern end of the Dead Sea, and invade Moab from the side of Edom. The former was the shortest route for both kings. But Moabâs strongest defences were on the north frontier, and the allies would be liable to attacks from the Syrians in Ramoth-gilead (2 Kings 8:28). The longer and more difficult southern road may have been chosen partly on these grounds, and partly because Jehoshaphat wished to march as far as might be within his own territory, and to get a contingent from Edom, which was at this time subject to him (1 Kings 22:48), and perhaps to hold it in check. Moreover, the Moabites were less likely to be on their guard on the southern border, which was more difficult of access.
And he answered.âSaidâi.e., Jehoshaphat.
Verse 9
(9) The king of Edom.âA vassal king appointed by Jehoshaphat (1 Kings 22:48).
They fetched a compass.âWent round (scil., the Dead Sea) a journey of seven days. The confederates appear to have lost their way among the mountains of Seir. They would, in any case, be greatly delayed by the cattle which it was necessary to take with them for subsistence. It is evident from the context that the distress began after the Edomite contingent had joined.
For the host, and for the cattle that followed them.âThe stopping is wrong. It should be, and there was not water for the army and for the cattle which followed them. âThem,â i.e., the kings. (Comp. Judges 5:15.) âThe cattle,â i.e., the herds and flocks for the maintenance of the army.
The allies appear to have marched through the deep, rocky glen of El-Ahsy (or El-Qurâhy), between Moab and Edom. They expected to find water there, as is usually the case, even in the dry season; but on this occasion the water failed.
Verse 10
(10) That.âOmit (kî, emphatically introducing the assertion).
Together.âOmit.
Verse 11
(11) But (and) Jehoshaphat . . . by him?âThe same question is asked by Jehoshaphat in 1 Kings 22:7.
By him.âHeb., from with him (mçâôthô for mçâittô, both here and in the parallel placeâa mark of the same hand). Jehoshaphat is for âseeking Jehovahâ through a prophet, in contrast with Jehoram, who at once despairs. (Comp. Amos 5:4; Amos 5:8; and Note on 1 Chronicles 13:3; 2 Chronicles 15:2.)
One of the king of Israelâs servants.âOne of the kingâs staff, who, like Obadiah (1 Kings 18:3), was perhaps a friend of the prophets of Jehovah.
Here is Elisha.âThe prophet must have followed the army of his own accord, or rather, as Keil suggests, under a Divine impulse, in order that, when the hour of trial came, he might point Jehoram to Jehovah as the only true God.
Which poured water on the hands of Elijah.âWas the personal attendant of that greatest of prophets. The phrase alludes to the well-known Oriental custom of the servant pouring water from a ewer on his masterâs hands to wash them.
Verse 12
(12) The king of Israel and Jehoshaphat.âAll the versions except the Targum add, âthe king of Judah.â Jehoshaphat said what follows either on the ground of Elijahâs reputation, or because the news of Elishaâs succession had already reached Judah.
The proper names, Shaphat and Jehoshaphat, are identical (He judgeth, i.e., Jah judgeth). (Comp. Ahaz and Jehoahaz.)
Went down to him.âFrom the royal tents, which were probably pitched on an eminence, so as to overlook the camp. The three kings go to consult the prophet as persons of ordinary station might do. This shows the estimation in which he was held. Keil says they were humbled by misfortune.
Verse 13
(13) Unto the king of Israel.âAs the leader of the confederacy; or as Elishaâs sovereign, who might be supposed to have brought the others to the prophet.
The prophets of thy fatherâi.e., the Baal prophets (comp. 1 Kings 18:19) and false prophets of Jehovah (1 Kings 22:6; 1 Kings 22:11). Elishaâs sarcasm indicates that the former had not been wholly rooted out.
Nay.âHeb., âal; Greek, μή. âSay not so;â or, âRepulse me not.â (Comp. Ruth 1:13.)
These three kings.âAnd not one (myself) only, emphasising the word three. Or else Jehoram would rouse compassion by the magnitude of the imminent disaster.
Verse 14
(14) Before whom I stand.âAs a minister. (Comp. 1 Kings 17:1; 1 Kings 18:15.)
Surely.âKî (for); used as in 2 Kings 3:10 (âI cry, alas!â âI thus swear,â for, &c.). Jehoshaphat is accepted because of his faithful dependence on Jehovah (2 Kings 3:11). Jehoram still maintained or tolerated the cultus of Bethel and Dan. (See 2 Kings 3:3.)
Regard the presence.âLiterally, lift the face. (Comp. Genesis 19:21; Genesis 32:21.)
Verse 15
(15) Bring me a minstrel.âMÄnaggçnâi.e., a harper, player on a stringed instrument (nÄgînâh). Elisha called for music as a natural means of calming his perturbed spirit (2 Kings 3:13-14). Composure and serenity of soul were essential, if the prophet was to hear the voice of God within. Cicero tells us that the Pythagoreans were wont to tranquillise their minds after the strain of thought withâ harp music and singing (Tusc. Iv. 2). (Comp. 1 Samuel 10:5; 1 Chronicles 25:1, Note.) The incident is a striking mark of the historical truth of the narrative.
And it came to pass.âPerfect with weak waw: a later idiom. (Comp. 1 Samuel 17:48.)
The hand of the Lord came upon him.âTargum and some MSS., âthe Spirit of the Lord;â but comp. 1 Kings 18:46.
Verse 16
(16) Make.âRight (infinitive, equivalent to an energetic imperative).
Valley.âNahal, wady, torrent-bed, gully. According to Thenius, âthe brook Zeredâ of Deuteronomy 2:13 is meant; the present Wady el-Ahsy, (or el-Hasa) which forms the natural southern boundary of Moab, and from which several gorges lead up into the Moabite highlands. (See Isaiah 15:7.)
Full of ditches.âLiterally, pits, pits. (Comp. Genesis 14:10 : âWells, wells of bitumen.â) The pits were to gather the water, which otherwise would soon have run away in the bed of the torrent (Jeremiah 14:3-4). The style of the oracle is stamped with the liveliness and originality of historic truth.
Verse 17
(17) Ye shall not see wind.âWhich in the east is the usual precursor of rain.
Yet that valley.âAnd that wady. He says âthat (hûâ) valley,â meaning âthe one of which I spokeâ (2 Kings 3:16). Contrast âthis (zeh) valley,â i.e., âthe one in which we areâ (2 Kings 3:16).
Your cattle.âMiqneh: flocks and herds, as distinguished from âbeastsâ (bÄhçmâh), i.e., probably, beasts of burden.
Verse 18
(18) Is but a light thing.âWill be a light thing (1 Kings 16:31).
He will deliver the Moabites.âThe contrary of Jehoramâs expectation (2 Kings 3:10; 2 Kings 3:13).
Verse 19
(19) And ye shall smite . . . shall fell . . .âThese verbs are continuative of those in the last verse, i.e., they do not command a course of action, but foretell it. (Comp. 2 Kings 8:12-13.) Taken as commands, they appear to conflict with Deuteronomy 20:19, where the felling of an enemyâs fruit trees for the purposes of siege-works is forbidden. Keil, however, explains that the law relates to Canaanite territory which the Israelites were to occupy, whereas Moabâs was an enemyâs country, and therefore not to be spared.
Fenced city . . . choice city.âThere is a paronomasia, or play on words of similar sound, in the Hebrew: âîr mibçâr . . . âîr mibhôr.
Every good treeâi.e., fruit-bearing trees.
Stop.âGenesis 26:15; Genesis 26:18.
Mar.âLiterally, make to grieve: a poetical expression. An unfruitful land is said to mourn (Isaiah 24:4; Jeremiah 12:4).
Every good piece of land.âAll the good demesne (literally, portion, allotment).
Verse 20
(20) When the meat offering was offered.âComp. 1 Kings 18:29; 1 Kings 18:36. A more exact definition of the time. The reckoning by hours was unknown before the captivity. According to the Talmud, the morning sacrifice was offered in the Temple the moment it became light. (Ewald assumes that âthe meat offeringâ was offered on this occasion in the camp.) That help came to the distressed army just at the hour of morning worship was a striking coincidence. (This allusion to the law of Exodus 29:38, seq., may be an indirect hit at the northern kingdom.)
There came water.âWater was coming from the way (direction) of Edom. It would seem that a sudden storm of rain had fallen on the mountains of Seir, at some distance from the camp (Josephus says at a distance of three daysâ march); and the water found its natural outlet in the dry wady. Reuss thinks this explanation âsuperfluous,â in the face of âthe authorâs intention to describe a miracle;â but there are different kinds of miracle, and, in the present instance, the miraculous element is visible in the prophetâs prediction of the coming help, and in the coincidence of the natural phenomena with the needs of the Israelites. (Comp. 2 Kings 7:1-2, seq.) [This statement seems to preclude also the naturalistic explanation founded on the meaning of the Arabic name of the locality. Hisyun, hasyun, hasan, mean water which gathers on a hard bottom under the sand in certain localities, and which the Arabs get at by scooping holes in the ground. See Lane, Arab. Eng. Lex. s.v.]
Verse 21
(21) And when . . . heard . . . they gathered.âNow all the Moabites had heard . . . and had gathered themselves:
literally, had been summoned, called together (Judges 7:23).
All that were able to put on armour.âFrom every one girding on a girdle, and upwardsâi.e., all of adult age, all who could bear arms. It was a levy en masse of the male population for the defence of the country.
Stood in.âHad taken their stand on the frontier.
Verse 22
(22) They rose up early.âThe Moabite camp on the frontier mountains.
And the sun shone upon the water.âA parenthesis (now the sun had risen upon the water). The red sunrise tinged the water with the same colour.
On the other side.âMin-nèged, âopposite,â âover against themâ (2 Kings 2:7; 2 Kings 2:15). The sun rose behind the Moabites.
Red.ââAdôm. There may be an allusion to the red earth of the locality (Edom), which would further redden the water.
Verse 23
(23) The kings are surely slain.âHave surely fought with (or destroyed) one another. LXX., á¼Î¼Î±Ïá½³ÏανÏο. The supposition was not improbable. Confederates of different races not seldom had been known to fall out among themselves (comp. Judges 7:22; 2 Chronicles 20:23, and Note), and in this case the old enmity of Edom towards Israel, and the suppressed jealousies between Israel and Judah, made such a result very likely. The Moabites would know also that the wady had been waterless, so that their mistake was natural. When once their instinct for plunder was aroused they did not stop to think, but with a wild cry of âMoab, to the spoil !â they rushed in disorder upon the Israelite camp.
Verse 24
(24) Smote the Moabites.âWho were unprepared for resistance.
But they went forward smiting . . . country.âThe Hebrew text (Kethib) has, and he went (way-yâbô, spelt defectively, as in 1 Kings 12:12) into it (i.e., the land of Moab), and smote (literally, smiting an infinitive for a finite form) Moab. This is better than the Hebrew margin (Qeri), and they smote it (i.e. Moab), or the reading of some MSS. and the Targum and Syriac, âand they smote them, and smote Moab,â which is tautologous. The original reading is perhaps represented by that of the LXX., καὶ á¼Ïá½±Ïαξαν εἰÏÏοÏÎµÏ á½¹Î¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Î¹ καὶÏá½»ÏÏονÏÎµÏ Ïὴν ÎÏαβ, âand they entered the country, destroying as they went on.â (In Hebrew the participles would be infinitives.)
Verse 25
(25) And they beat down the cities.âRather, And the cities they would overthrow, describing what happened again and again.
On every . . . filled it.âLiterally, And every good plot, they would cast each man his stone, and fill it; and every fountain of water they would stop, and every good tree they would fell. All this as Elisha foretold, 2 Kings 3:19.
Only in Kir-haraseth left they the stones thereof.âLiterally, as margin, until one left her stones in Kir-harèseth. This clause connects itself with the opening statement, âAnd the cities they would overthrow (or, kept overthrowing) until her stones were left in Kir-harèseth,â i.e., the work of destruction stopped before the walls of this, the principal strong-hold of the country. In the other cities the invaders had not left one stone upon another.
Kir-haraseth.âCalled âKir-moab,â Isaiah 15:1, and âKir-hères,â Isaiah 16:11. The Targum on Isaiah 15:0 calls it âKerak (castle) of Moab,â and it still bears that name. It stands upon a steep cliff of chalk.
Howbeit the slingers went about it.âAnd the slingers went round, surrounded it.
And smote itâi.e., shot at the men on the walls with deadly effect.
Verse 26
(26) The battle was too sore for him.âThe garrison was giving way under the destructive fire of the slingers.
To break through even unto the king of Edom.âBecause the Edomite contingent seemed to be the most vulnerable point in the allied army, or because he hoped that these unwilling allies of Israel would allow him to escape through their ranks.
Verse 27
(27) Then.âAnd.
His eldest sonâi.e., the despairing king of Moab took his own son and heir.
Offered him for a burnt offering.âTo Chemosh, without doubt, by way of appeasing that wrath of the god which seemed bent on his destruction. (Comp. the words of Meshaâs inscription: âChemosh was angry with his lÄ nd.â Note, 2 Kings 1:1.) There is a reference to such hideous sacrifices in Micah 6:7, âShall I give my firstborn for my transgressions?â In dark times of national calamity the Hebrews were prone, like their neighbours, to seek help in the same dreadful rites. (Comp. the case of Manasseh, 2 Chronicles 33:6; see also Psalms 106:37-39.) From the cuneiform records we learn that the sacrifice of children was also a Babylonian practice. (Amos 2:1 refers to a totally different event from that recorded in the text.)
Upon the wall.âOf Kir-haraseth. This was done that the besiegers might see, and dread the consequences, believing, as they would be likely to do, that the Divine wrath was now appeased.
And there was great indignation against Israel.âOr, And great wrath fell upon Israel. This phrase always denotes a visitation of Divine wrath. (Comp. 2 Chronicles 19:10; 2 Chronicles 24:18.) The manifestation of wrath in the present case was apparently a successful sortie of the Moabite garrison, whose faith in this terrible expedient of their king inspired them with new courage, while the besiegers were proportionally disheartened. The result was that âthey (i.e., the allied forces) departed from him (raised the siege), and returned to the landâ (of Israel). Why did Divine wrath fall upon Israel rather than upon Moab? upon the involuntary cause rather than the voluntary agents in this shocking rite? If the wrath of Jehovah be meant, we cannot tell. But, as the present writer understands the words of the text, they rather indicate that the object of the dreadful expiation was attained, and that the wrath of Chemosh fell upon the Hebrew alliance. It is certain that belief in the supremacy of Jehovah did not hinder ancient Israel from admitting the real existence and potency of foreign deities. (See Note on 1 Chronicles 16:25-26; 1 Chronicles 17:21; and comp. Numbers 21:29; Judges 11:24.) This peculiar conception is a token of the antiquity of the record before us. In the second half of Isaiah the foreign gods are called non. entities.
After the events described in this verse we may suppose that Meshaâs successes continued, as described on the stone of Dibon. (See Note on 2 Kings 1:1.)