Bible Lexicons

ζάω , -ῶ ,

[in LXX chiefly for H2421 (most freq. ptcp., ζῶν , inf., ζῆν , for H2416);]

1. prop., to live, be alive (v. SYN., s.v. βίος ; in cl. usually of animal life, but sometimes of plants, as Arist., Eth. N, i, 7, 12): Acts 20:12, Romans 7:1-3, 1 Corinthians 7:39, Revelation 19:20, al.; ἐν αὐτῷ ζῶμεν , Acts 17:28; ἐμοὶ τὸ ζῆν Χριστός , Philippians 1:21; διὰ παντὸς τοῦ ζῆν (M, Pr., 215, 249), Hebrews 2:15; ὃ δὲ νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί , Galatians 2:20; ζῇ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός , Galatians 2:20; (ὁ ) ζῶν , of God (H2416 H413 and cognate phrases, Joshua 3:10, Hosea 1:10, Isaiah 37:4, al.; v. DCG, ii, 399), Matthew 16:16, John 6:57, Romans 9:26, 1 Thessalonians 1:9, Hebrews 3:12, Revelation 7:2, al.; in juristic phrase, ζῶ ἐγώ (H589־ H2416, Numbers 14:21, al.), as I live, Romans 14:11; ζῆν ἐπ᾿ ἄρτῳ , Matthew 4:4, al.; ἐκ , 1 Corinthians 9:14; of coming to life, Mark 16:11, Romans 6:10; Romans 14:9, 2 Corinthians 13:4; opp. to νεκρός , Revelation 1:18; Revelation 2:8; metaph., Luke 15:32; ζῆν ἐκ νεκρῶν , Romans 6:13; of the spiritual life of Christians, Luke 10:28, John 5:25, Romans 1:17; Romans 8:13; εἰς τ . αἰῶνα , John 6:51; John 6:58; σὺν Χριστῷ , 1 Thessalonians 5:10; ὄνομα ἔχεις ὅτι ζῇς , Revelation 3:1.

2. As sometimes in cl., = βιόω , to live, pass one's life: Luke 2:36, Acts 26:5, Romans 7:9, Colossians 2:20; ἐν πίστει , Galatians 2:20; ἐν τ . ἁμαρτίᾳ , Romans 6:2; εὐσεβῶς , 2 Timothy 3:12; ἀσώτως , Luke 15:13; c. dat. (cl.), ἑαυτῷ (Field, Notes, 164), Romans 14:7, 2 Corinthians 5:15; τ . θεῷ , Luke 20:38, Romans 6:1-11 Galatians 2:19; τ . Χριστῷ 2 Corinthians 5:15. τ . δικαιοσύνῃ , 1 Peter 2:24; πνεύματι , Galatians 5:25; κατὰ σάρκα , Romans 8:12-13.

3. Of inanimate things, metaph.: ὕδωρ ζῶν (i.e. springing water, as opp. to still water), in a spiritual sense, John 4:10-11; John 7:38 (DCG, ii, 39 f.): ἐλπὶς ζῶσα , 1 Peter 1:3; ὁδὸς ζῶσα , Hebrews 10:20 (cf. ἀνα -, συν -ζάω ; Cremer, 270, 721).

For this common verb = ";live"; it is enough to cite such passages as P Petr II. 13 (19).7 (B.C. 258–253) καὶ ζῶντός σου καὶ εἰς θεοὺς ἀπελθόντος, ib. III. 2.21 (B.C. 236) ἕ ]ως ἂν ἐγὼ ζῶι, P Oxy III. 472.7 (c. A.D. 130) ἄλλοι πολλοὶ τὸν θάνατον τοῦ ζῆν προκρείναντες, ib. VI. 937.5 (iii/A.D.) ἐὰν οὖν ζήσω χρόνο ̣ν καὶ ἔλθω εἰς τὴν πατρίδα μου ἐκδικήσω ἐμαυτόν, ib. XII. 1477.9 (question to an oracle—iii/iv A.D.) εἶ ζῇ ὁ ἀπόδ ̣ημος; As might be expected, the word is constantly found in sepulchral epitaphs, e.g. Preisigke 173.6 (c. A.D. 200) Τ. Αὐρήλιος. . . ζήσας ἔτη ν ̄ε ̄. For the phrase ἔτι ζῶν, as in Matthew 27:63, cf. C. and B. ii. p. 660 No. 618 (A.D. 193–4) Ζώσιμος [— τοῖς τ ]έκνοις. . . καὶ ἑαυτῷ ἔτι ζῶν κατεσκεύασεν. The articular inf. is very common in the vernacular—P Par 63.103 (B.C. 165) τὰ πρὸς τὸ ζῆν, ";the means of living,"; P Tebt II. 283.15 (B.C. 93 or 60) κινδυνωι (l. κινδυνεύει) τῶι ζῆν, ";her life is in danger,"; ib. 304.13 (A.D. 167–8) ὡς ἐκ τούτου τῷ ζῆν κινδυνεύειν, ";so that his life is endangered in consequence,"; P Lond 846.11 (a poor weaver’s petition—A.D. 140) (= III. p. 131) μισθοῦ πορίζοντος τὸ ζῆν, OGIS 515.27 (iii/A.D.) τὸ ζῆν οὐκ ἔχομεν : cf. Hebrews 2:15, and see Proleg. p. 215. With ζῆν ἐκ, ";get a living from,"; as in 1 Corinthians 9:14, cf. P Oxy VIII. 1117.19 (c. A.D. 178) μέτρια κεκτήμεθα ἐξ ὧν καὶ μόλις ζῶμεν, ib. XII. 1557.12 (A.D. 255) ἐξ αὐτῶν τὸ ζῆν ποριζομένῳ, P Meyer 20.21 (1st half iii/A.D.) ἐργαζέσθω Λουκιᾶς καὶ ζώτω ἐκ τοῦ μισ ̣θαρου (l. μισθαρίου) αὐτῆς (cf. 2 Thessalonians 3:12). In BGU I. 246.9 (ii/iii A.D.) the verb is construed with the dat.—ἄρτῳ καὶ ὕδατι ζῶν. For the deeper meaning of the verb we may refer to an inscr. which Sir W. M. Ramsay formerly placed among Christian inscrr., but now assigns to mystic paganism (see his Recent Discovery, p. 176), C. and B. ii. p. 565 No. 463 ζῶσι [ν μ ]έγαν κίνδυ [ν ]ον ἐκπεφευ [γ ]ότες, ";they live, having escaped great danger."; In P Oxy VI. 924.11, a Gnostic charm of iv/A.D., a certain Ἀρεία is described as δούλη. . τοῦ θ (εο)ῦ τοῦ ζῶντος, and in ib. 943.7, a Christian letter of vi/A.D., we have the common LXX phrase ζῇ Κύριος, ";as the Lord lives."; See also the magical P Par 574.1038 (iii/A.D.) ἐπιτάσσει σοι ὁ μέγας ζῶν θεός. In Syll 852.3 (ii/B.C.) μέχρι κα Ἀρχέλαος ζώιη, the verb would seem to be opt., for ib. 856.12 (ii/B.C.) shows subj. ζῇ —ἕως κα ζῇ Θευδώρα. A familiar fairy-tale phrase occurs in Musonius, p. 30.9, τὸ εὐδαιμονεῖν καὶ ζῆν μακαρίως εἰς τὸ λοιπόν.

According to Boisacq (p. 309) this verb is ";une invention des grammairiens"; : the Attic ζῶ represents *ζηι ̰̑ω. The connexion between this form and the aor. ἐβίων, and their relation to δίαιτα and ὑγιής are revealed in the base guei = ";live."; MGr ζῶ and ζι ̰ῶ.

 

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