Bible Lexicons

ἀνθρωπος , -ου , ὁ ,

[in LXX chiefly for H120, H376, also for H582, etc.;]

man:

1. generically, a human being, male or female (Lat. homo): John 16:21; c. art., Matthew 4:4; Matthew 12:36, Mark 2:27, John 2:25, Romans 7:1, al.; disting. from God, Matthew 19:6, John 10:33, Colossians 3:23, al.; from animals, etc., Matthew 4:19, Luke 5:10, Revelation 9:4, al.; implying human frailty and imperfection, 1 Corinthians 3:4; σοφία ἀνθρώπων , 1 Corinthians 2:5; ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαι , 1 Peter 4:2; κατὰ ἄνθρωπον περιπατεῖν , 1 Corinthians 3:3; κατὰ ἄ . λέγειν (λαλεῖν ), Romans 3:5, 1 Corinthians 9:8; κατὰ ἄ - λέγειν , Galatians 3:16 (cf. 1 Corinthians 15:32, Galatians 1:11); by meton., of man's nature or condition, ὁ ἔσω (ἄξω ) ἄ ., Romans 7:22, Ephesians 3:16, 2 Corinthians 4:16 (cf. 1Pe 34); ὁ παλαιὸς , καινός , νέος ἄ ., Romans 6:6, Ephesians 2:15; Ephesians 4:22; Ephesians 4:24, Colossians 3:9-10; joined with another subst., ἄ . ἔμπορος , a merchant, Matthew 13:45 (WH, txt. om. ἄ .); οἰκοδεσπότης , Matthew 13:52; βασιλεύς , Matthew 18:23; φάγος , Matthew 11:19; with name of nation, Κυρηναῖος , Matthew 27:32; Ἰουδαῖος , Acts 21:39; Ῥωμαῖος , Acts 16:37; pl. οἱ ἄ ., men, people: Matthew 5:13; Matthew 5:16, Mark 8:24, John 4:28; οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων , Mark 11:2, 1 Timothy 6:16.

2. Indef., ἄ . = τις , some one, a man: Matthew 17:14, Mark 12:1, al.; τις ἄ ., Matthew 18:12, John 5:5, al.; indef. one (Fr. on), Romans 3:28, Galatians 2:16, al.; opp. to women, servants, etc., Matthew 10:36; Matthew 19:10, John 7:22-23

3. Definitely, c. art., of some particular person; Matthew 12:13 Mark 3:5, al.; οὗτος ὁ ἄ ., Luke 14:30; ὁ ἄ οὗτος , ἐκεῖνος , Mark 14:71, Matthew 12:45; ὁ ἄ . τ . ἀνομίας , 2 Thessalonians 2:3; ἄ . τ . θεοῦ (of Heb. H430 H376), 1 Timothy 6:11, 2 Timothy 3:17, 2 Peter 1:21; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀ ., v.s. υἱός .

SYN.: ἀνήρ G435, q.v. (and cf. MM, VGT, 44; Cremer, 103, 635).

ἄνθρωπος, like ἀνήρ, has kept its differentia practically unchanged from Homer to MGr. It is interesting to notice its philosophical abstract ἀνθρωπότης vouched for as fairly popular Greek by Vettius Valens (p. 346.29, in antith. to ἀθανασία), passing into Christian theology (see LS and Sophocles Lex.), and current in MGr. The NT has no trace of the curious misuse by which the principal difference between ἄ. and ἀνήρ is ignored : Tobit 6:8 ἀνθρώπον ἢ γυναικός. P Flor I. 61.60 (A.D. 86–8) ἄξιος μ [ὲ ]ν ἦς μαστιγωθῆναι, διὰ σεαντοῦ [κ ]ατασχὼν ἄνθρωπον εὐσχήμονα καὶ γυν [αῖ ]κας is not parallel, as ὰ. only means ";person"; : as little is John 7:22 f. (Grimm). Another case of ἄνθρωπος invading the sphere of ἀνήρ is the Matthæan locution α οἰκοδεσπότης, βασιλεύς, φαγός etc. As Grimm’s passages show, this is Greek, though not Attic : Mt may have got it from LXX (so Leviticus 21:9 ἀνθρώπου ἱερέως). Some papyrus passages may be cited, though little is needed. The antithesis with θεός has figured under ἀνθρώπινος : the complementary one comes out well in BGU IV. 1024iv. 6 (iv/v A.D.), where a judge pronounces sentence of death with the words σύ μοι δοκεῖς [ψυχὴν ἔ ]χειν θηρίου καὶ [ο ]ὐκ ἀνθρώπού [μᾶλλον δ ]ὲ οὐδὲ θηρίου —he proceeds to give reasons. Ib. 1030.7 (iii/A.D.) ἐπίγοντες τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ τοὺς τέκτονας —ἀ. is general and τ. special. For the purely unemphatic use cf. the illiterate note, ib. 1031.13 (ii/A.D.) ἔκδος ἀνθρώποις ἀσφα [λέσ ]ι. Its anaphoric use with the article (as Matthew 12:13 etc.) may be seen in ib. 1208i. 25 (B.C. 27–6)ἵνα δὲ εἰδῇς τὸ ὄρθριον ("; ‘sein Morgengruss,’ = seine erste Tat"; says Schubart) τοῦ ἀνθρώ (που), πέπομφά σοι ἣν τέθειται μίσθωσιν. This particular instance may perhaps serve as an illustration of ";the adjunct notion of contempt (John 5:12),"; on which Grimm remarks (1.d.). Under the same heading, with commiseration instead of contempt, will come πρεσβύτης ἄνθρωπός εἰμι, in P Strass I. 41.40 (A.D. 250). In the edict of Caracalla, P Giss I. 40i. 6 (A.D. 212–5) ὁσ ]άκις ἐὰν ὑ [π ]ε,σέλθ [ωσ ]ι ̣ν εἰς τοὺς ἐμοὺς ἀν [θρ ]ώπους the editor notes the tone as characteristic of his dynasty. The general sense in the plural may be illustrated by Syll 424.1 (A.D. 361–3) τὸν γῆς καὶ θαλάσσης καὶ παντὸς ἀνθρώπων ἔθνους δεσπότην —of the brief Emperor Julianus, ib. 890.22 (ii/A.D.) of a series of diseases κ ]α [ὶ ] ὅσα κακὰ κ [αὶ πά ]θη ἀνθρώποι [ς γί ]γνεται.

 

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