Bible Lexicons

 יֲרוּשָׁלַ֫םִ, יְרוּשָׁלַ֫יִם₆₄₄

proper name, of a location Jerusalem (in Assyrian Urusalim, Tel Amarna, Zim ^{ZA, 1891,252, 254}; Ursalimmu, COT ^Glossary; ᵐ5 Ιερουσαλημ; √ and meaning dubious; Rel Ew and others derive from יְרוּשׁ שׁלם possession of peace (or Salem's possession); Thes and others from יָרָה, i.e. יְרוּ + שָׁלֵם a foundation of peace; Grill ^{ZAW, 1884,134ff.} foundation of Shalem (Shalem = God of peace, = ׳י); but name not certainly Hebrew; according to Sayce ^{Acad. Feb. 7,1891, 138; Higher Crit. 176} (opposed by Zim ^{ZA. 1891,263}), Jastr ^{JBL xi, 1892,185} = Uru ( city) + Salim, proper name, of divinity); — usually יְרוּשָׁלַ֫םִ ( Qr perpetuum), Joshua 10:10 +; יְרוּשָׁלָ֑םִ 1 Samuel 17:54 +; לַ֫יִם-5t. according to Masora (see Frensdorff ^{Mass. Magna, 293}), namely Jeremiah 26:18; 1 Chronicles 3:5; 2 Chronicles 25:1; 32:9 (with ה locative), Esther 2:6, (but לָ֑֫םִ- 1 Chronicles 3:5 van d. H Baer), so Maccabean coins, Levy ^{Geschichte. d. jüd. Münz. 42f.}; with ה locative יְרוּשָׁלַ֫מֳה 1 Kings 10:2; Isaiah 36:2; Ezekiel 8:3; (לַ֫יְמָה- 2 Chronicles 32:9 above); לָ֑מֳה- 2 Kings 9:28; with prefixes: ׳בִּירו 2 Samuel 9:13 +; ׳לִירו 2 Kings 18:22 +; ׳מִירו 2 Samuel 15:11 +; ׳וִירו 2 Kings 23:1 +; — Jerusalem, renowned as capital of all Israel, afterwards of southern kingdom, seat of central worship in temple, first named as city of Canaanite Adoni-‚edek Joshua 10:1,3,5,23 (all J E), compare Joshua 12:10 (D); inhabited by Jebusites Joshua 15:63 (twice in verse) (P), Judges 1:21 (twice in verse), compare Judges 1:7 (Adoni-Bezek); identification with יְבוּס Judges 19:10, and הַיְבוּסִי (q. v.) Joshua 15:8; Joshua 18:28 (both P); captured by Judah Judges 1:8; first named in connection with David 1 Samuel 17:54; taken possession of by David as king 2 Samuel 5:6; David's royal seat 2 Samuel 5:5; 2 Samuel 5:13; 2 Samuel 5:14; 2 Samuel 8:7; 2 Samuel 11:1 +; it remained the capital until taken by Nebuchadrezzar, B.C. 588, 2 Kings 25:1 +; it became the chief home of the returned exiles Ezra 1:11; Ezra 2:11; Nehemiah 2:11,17 +; mentioned Samuel 31t., Kings 92t., Chronicles 151t., Ezra 25t., Nehemiah 38t., Isa¹27t., Isa^2,322t., Jeremiah 107t., Ezekiel 26t., Zechariah 41t., etc. — See also proper name, of a location יְבוּס, שָׁלֵם.

ירח (√ of following; meaning dubious; according to MV Buhl = ארח, of moon as wanderer, so Lag ^{BN 46}).

יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (as found sometimes, though rarely, in the books of Chronicles, 1 Chronicles 3:5 also on some of the coins of the Maccabees, although others of them have the name spelled defectively, see Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. Vett. iii. page 466, seq.), commonly יְרוּשָׁלַםִ, anciently (Genesis 14:18) and poet. (Psal. 76:3 ) שָׁלֵם pr.n. Jerusalem (Gr. Ἱερουσαλήμ and Ἱεροσόλυμα), a royal city of the Canaanites (Joshua 10:1, Joshua 10:5, 15:8 ), and from the time of David and onward the metropolis of the Hebrews, and the royal city of the house of David; situated on the borders of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.

Interpreters differ as to the etymology and orthography. As to the first of its compounded parts, Reland (Palæstina, p. 832, seq.), and lately, Ewald (Heb. Gramm. p. 332), consider that יְרוּשָׁלַםִ stands for יְרוּשׁ־שָׁלַיִם the possession of peace, one שׁ being excluded; but this does not agree well with analogy: for, in Hebrew, the former of doubled letters is not in such a case usually excluded, but is commonly compensated with Dagesh forte; as in יְרֻבַּעַל for יָרוֹב בַּעַל; besides the form יְרוּשׁ with the meaning of possession (=יְרֻשָּׁה) neither occurs separately nor yet in composition. I prefer regarding יְרוּ as a segolate noun (of the form רְעוּ, מְתוּ), i.q. Arabic وَرًى men, and יְרוּשׁלם men or people of peace; or perhaps, house or habitation of peace; just as, on the contrary, أَهْلُ and بَيْتُ are transferred from the house to the inhabitants. The same word is found in the pr.n. of a desert, יְרוּאֵל, which may be more suitably rendered house of God than people of God; and the same interpretation of this name is found in Saadiah, who translates دار السلام and السلام مدينة house of peace, city of peace: [In Thes. Gesenius takes the former part of this name יְרוּ from the root יָרָה, signifying foundation, and thus ירושׁלם the foundation of peace]. As to the latter of the compound parts of this name, some suppose שָׁלַםִ and שָׁלַיִם to be the dual of שָׁלֶה quiet, and they think that a city in two parts was designated by this name, referring to 2 Samuel 5:9 (Ewald, loc. cit.): but no mention is made in the cited passage of a double city; and it may be pretty certainly concluded that ם in this word is originally radical, not servile; as shewn by the forms שָׁלֵם, Arab. شَلَمُ, شَلَّمُ Chald. יְרוּשְׁלָם, Gr. Σόλυμα, Ἱεροσόλυμα. It appears to me that whenever it is written defectively יְרוּשָׁלַםִ, it should be pronounced יְרוּשָׁלֵם the dwelling of peace: and at length the later writers regarded ־ֵם as an ancient form of the Dual, and on this account every where to have read יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, even in those places where it is written defectively in the text; [It is written with the Yod in very few places]. In like manner, Samaria was called in Hebrew and anciently, שֹׁמְרוֹן, Ch. שָׁמְרָן, and hence as if it were a dual, שָׁמְרַיִן; compare Lehrg. page 538.

בִּ֠ירוּשָׁלִַם בִּֽירוּשָׁלִַ֔ם בִּֽירוּשָׁלִַ֗ם בִּֽירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ בִּֽירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם בִּֽירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ בִּיר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם בִּירֽוּשָׁלִַ֔ם בִּירֽוּשָׁלִַ֗ם בִּירֽוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ בִּירֽוּשָׁלִָ֑ם בִּירֽוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֔ם בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֗ם בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֛ם בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֣ם בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֥ם בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם בִּירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ בִּירוּשָׁלָ֑יִם בִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֛ם בִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם בִירֽוּשָׁלִַ֖ם בִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם בִירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ בִירוּשָׁלִַ֛ם בִירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ בירושלים בירושלם בירושלם׃ וְלִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ וְלִֽירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וְלִיר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם וְלִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם וְלִירוּשָׁלִַ֣ם וִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֗ם וִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ וִֽירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ וִיר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם וִירֽוּשָׁלִַ֖ם וִירֽוּשָׁלִַ֗ם וִירֽוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וִירֽוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ וִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם וִירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ וִירוּשָׁלִַ֛ם וִירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וִירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ וִירוּשָׁלַ֙יִם֙ וִירוּשָׁלָֽם׃ וּבִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֔ם וּבִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֗ם וּבִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ וּבִיר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם וּבִירֽוּשָׁלִַ֖ם וּבִירֽוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֗ם וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֣ם וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֥ם וּבִירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וּבִירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ וּמִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֗ם וּמִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם וּמִירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ ובירושלם ובירושלם׃ וירושלים וירושלם וירושלם׃ ולירושלם ומירושלם יְ֠רוּשָׁלִַם יְ֭רוּשָׁלִַם יְֽרוּשָׁ֫לִָ֥ם יְֽרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם יְֽרוּשָׁלִָ֗ם יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם יְר֣וּשָׁלַ֔יְמָה יְרֽוּשָׁלִַ֔ם יְרֽוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ יְרֽוּשָׁלִַ֛ם יְרֽוּשָׁלִַם֒ יְרֽוּשָׁלִַם֮ יְרֽוּשָׁלִָ֑ם יְרֽוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ יְרוּשָׁלְַ֗מָה יְרוּשָׁלְַ֛מָה יְרוּשָׁלְַ֜מָה יְרוּשָׁלְָ֑מָה יְרוּשָׁלִַ֑ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ֔ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ יְרוּשָׁלִַ֛ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ֜ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ֣ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ֥ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ֧ם יְרוּשָׁלִַם֒ יְרוּשָׁלִַם֮ יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם יְרוּשָׁלִָ֖ם יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ ירושלימה ירושלם ירושלם׃ ירושלמה כִּירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם כירושלם לִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֛ם לִֽירוּשָׁלִַם֮ לִֽירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם לִֽירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ לִיר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם לִירֽוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לִירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ לִירוּשָׁלִַ֛ם לִירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם לִירוּשָׁלִַ֥ם לִירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם לִירוּשָׁלִָ֖ם לִירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ לירושלם לירושלם׃ מִיר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם מִיר֣וּשָׁלַ֔יִם מִירֽוּשָׁלִַ֖ם מִירֽוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ מִירֽוּשָׁלִָ֑ם מִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם מִירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ מִירוּשָׁלִַ֛ם מִירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם מִירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ מִירוּשָׁלָֽיִם׃ מירושלים מירושלים׃ מירושלם מירושלם׃ bî·rū·šā·lā·yim bî·rū·šā·lim ḇî·rū·šā·lim bîrūšālāyim bîrūšālim ḇîrūšālim biRushaLam birushaLayim biRushaLim kî·rū·šā·lim kîrūšālim kirushaLim lî·rū·šā·lim lîrūšālim lirushaLim mî·rū·šā·la·yim mî·rū·šā·lā·yim mî·rū·šā·lim mîrūšālayim mîrūšālāyim mîrūšālim mirushaLayim miRushaLim ū·ḇî·rū·šā·lim ū·mî·rū·šā·lim ūḇîrūšālim ūmîrūšālim umirushaLim uvirushaLim veliRushaLim virushaLam virushaLayim virushaLim wə·lî·rū·šā·lim wəlîrūšālim wî·rū·šā·la·yim wî·rū·šā·lām wî·rū·šā·lim wîrūšālām wîrūšālayim wîrūšālim yə·rū·šā·lay·māh yə·rū·šā·lə·māh yə·rū·šā·lim yərūšālaymāh yərūšāləmāh yərūšālim yeRushaLaymah yerushaLemah yerushaLim