Lectionary Calendar
Friday, July 18th, 2025
the Week of Proper 10 / Ordinary 15
the Week of Proper 10 / Ordinary 15
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Bible Commentaries
Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Ellicott's Commentary
Copyright Statement
These files are public domain.
Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission.
These files are public domain.
Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission.
Bibliographical Information
Ellicott, Charles John. "Commentary on 2 Samuel 12". "Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/ebc/2-samuel-12.html. 1905.
Ellicott, Charles John. "Commentary on 2 Samuel 12". "Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers". https://www.studylight.org/
Whole Bible (46)Old Testament (1)Individual Books (2)
Introduction
XII.
We here pass from the story of Davidâs great and aggravated crimes to that of his deep repentance. Beyond all question Psalms 51:0 is the expression of his penitence after the visit of Nathan, and Psalms 32:0 the expression of his experience after the assurance of Divine forgiveness, set forth for the warning, instruction and comfort of others.
Verse 1
(1) Sent Nathan.âNathan was already on intimate terms with David, and recognised by him as a prophet (2 Samuel 7:1-17).
Verse 2
(2) There were two men.âThe parable is designed to bring out Davidâs indignation against the offender without being so clear as to awaken at first any suspicion of a personal application. It does not allude to the special crimes of David, but to the meanness and selfishness of the transactionâqualities which David was still in a condition to appreciate. For a similar use of parables see 2 Samuel 14:2-11; 1 Kings 20:35-41.
Verse 3
(3) It grew up together.ââAll these circumstances are exquisitely contrived to heighten the pity of the hearer for the oppressed, and his indignation against the oppressor.ââSpeakerâs Commentary.
Verse 5
(5) Was greatly kindled.âDavidâs generous impulses had not been extinguished by his sin, nor his warm sense of justice; his naturally quick temper (1 Samuel 25:13; 1 Samuel 25:22; 1 Samuel 25:33) at once roused his indignation to the utmost.
Verse 6
(6) Fourfold.âIn exact accordance with the Law (Exodus 22:1; comp. Luke 19:8). The LXX. (in most copies âsevenfold,â comp. Proverbs 6:31) and the Chaldee (âfortyfoldâ) have expressed more of human indignation; but David knew the Law too well to change its terms.
Verse 7
(7) Thou art the man.âThe boldness and suddenness of this application bring a shock to David which at once aroused his slumbering conscience. This could not have been the case had David been essentially a bad man. He was a man whose main purpose in life was to do Godâs will, but he had yielded to temptation, had been entangled in further and greater guilt in the effort to conceal his sin, and all the while his conscience had been stupefied by the delirium of prosperity and power. Now what he had done is suddenly brought before him in its true light. For like prophetic rebukes of royal offenders see 1 Samuel 15:21-23; 1 Kings 21:21-24; Isaiah 7:3-25; Matthew 14:3-5.
Verse 8
(8) Thy masterâs wives.âIn 2 Samuel 12:7-8 the prophet enumerates the chief favours and blessings shown to David, and these are so brought out as to show not only his base ingratitude, but also the unreasonableness of this particular sin. We are told of only one wife of Saul (1 Samuel 14:50) and of one concubine (2 Samuel 3:7) who was taken by Abner. If he had others, David certainly could not have taken them until more than seven and a half years after Saulâs death. The prophet refers to the Oriental custom that the new king had a right to the harem of his predecessor.
Verse 9
(9) Hast slain him.âThis is a different and stronger word than âkilledâ in the first part of the verse, and might well be translated murdered. It was murder in the eyes of the Lord, although accomplished indirectly by the sword of the Ammonites.
Verse 10
(10) Shall never depart.âThis word, in both its positive and negative forms, for ever and never, is constantly used to express the longest time possible in connection with the subject of which it is used. Here it must mean âas long as David lives;â and the punishment denounced found its realisation in a long succession of woes, from the murder of Amnon to the execution of Adonijah.
Verse 13
(13) I have sinned.âThe same words were used by Saul (1 Samuel 15:24; 1 Samuel 15:30), but in a totally different spirit. Saulâs confession was a concession to the prophet for the purpose of securing his support, and with no real penitence; David, in these few words, pours out before God the confession of a broken heart.
Thou shalt not die.âDavid had committed two crimes for which the Law imposed the penalty of deathâadultery (Leviticus 20:10) and murder (Leviticus 24:17). As an absolute monarch he had no reason to fear that the sentence would be put in force by any human authority; and the Divine word is to him of far more importance as an assurance of forgiveness than as a warding off of any possible earthly danger. The phrase is thus parallel to, and explanatory of, the previous clause, âThe Lord also hath put away thy sin.â
Verse 14
(14) Thou hast given great occasion.âAlthough David was forgiven, yet since his sin had brought great scandal on the church, it was necessary that he should suffer publicly the consequences of that sin. We can see that this was especially important in Davidâs case, both for the vindication of Godâs justice, and to destroy the hope that other sins also might go unpunished; yet it is not to be forgotten that the effect of sin generally is similar. The far greater part of Davidâs sufferings were from what are called âthe natural consequencesâ of his sin, i.e., from consequences which flowed from it under the immutable laws of the worldâs moral government. These laws are always in force, and bring home the earthly consequences of sin, however the sinner may have repented and been forgiven.
The child also that is born.âThe death of a little infant in the harem of a great Oriental monarch might seem of small significance, and but a light punishment; David, however, saw it in its true lightâas an evidence of Godâs unalterable purpose, and a sign of the greater judgments that must come upon him. The people also, no doubt, saw and felt the appropriateness of this punishment.
Verse 16
(16) Besought God for the child.âIt can hardly be necessary to say that this does not imply any want of submissiveness to Godâs will on Davidâs part, nor an inordinate love for the child of his guilt. âIn the case of a man whose penitence was so earnest and so deep, the prayer for the preservation of his child must have sprung from some other source than excessive love of any created object. His great desire was to avert the stroke as a sign of the wrath of God, in the hope that he might be able to discern, in the preservation of the child, a proof of Divine favour consequent upon the restoration of his fellowship with God. But when the child was dead, he humbled himself under the mighty hand of God, and rested satisfied with His grace, without giving himself up to fruitless painâ (O. von Gerlach, quoted by Keil). Yet Davidâs deep love for the child is not to be overlooked altogether.
Verse 23
(23) I shall go to him.âAs far as the mere words themselves are concerned, this might be taken as the expression of a Stoicâs comfort, âI shall go to the dead, but the dead will not come to me;â but David, in his whole nature and belief, was as far as possible from being a Stoic, and these words in his mouth can scarcely be anything else than an expression of confidence in a life of consciousness beyond the grave, and of the future recognition of those loved on earth.
Verse 24
(24) Called his name Solomon.âThe birth of Solomon could hardly have taken place until after the events mentioned in 2 Samuel 12:26-31, since it is not likely that the siege of Rabbah would have occupied two years. It is without doubt mentioned here (after the custom of Scripture narrative) to close the story of Bath-sheba in its proper connection. The birth of that son who should succeed to the kingdom, and through whom should pass the line to the Messiah, was too important to be overlooked.
Verse 25
(25) Jedidiah.âIt does not appear that this name (beloved of the Lord) was intended to do more than express the Divine acceptance of Solomon; and it never came into use as a personal title.
Verse 26
(26) Took the royal city.âThe parallel narrative is resumed at this point in 1 Chronicles 20:2. Rabbah was situated in the narrow valley of the upper Jabbok, on both sides of the stream, but with its citadel on the cliff on the northern side. The âroyal cityâ of this verse, and âthe city of watersâ of the next, refer probably to the city proper, while the âcityâ of 2 Samuel 12:28-29 is no doubt the citadel, which was more strongly fortified.
Verse 28
(28) The rest of the people.âJoab proposes a general muster of the remaining forces of Israel, either because additional force was actually needed for the capture of the citadel, or simply to carry out the formal capturing of the city by David in person.
Verse 30
(30) Their kingâs crown.âThe same Hebrew letters, translated their king, form the name of Milcom, the chief idol of the Ammonites, and hence some writer have quite unnecessarily supposed that the idolâs crown is meant.
A talent of gold.âIf this is according to the Hebrew weights, the amount is extraordinary, for the silver talent was above a hundred pounds, the gold talent twice as much. But there were various other Eastern talents, as the Babylonian and Persian, of much smaller weight, and it is not unlikely that a light talent may have been in use among the Ammonites. The weight, however, on any reasonable supposition, would have been too great to allow of this crown being commonly worn.
Verse 31
(31) Put them under saws.âThe literal translation of the Hebrew (put them with, or into, the saw) does not give any good sense, and no doubt a single letter of the text should be changed, bringing it into agreement with 1 Chronicles 20:3, âcut them with saws.â (Comp. Hebrews 11:37.)
Harrows of iron.âThese are the heavy iron tools, often armed with sharp points on the lower side, which were used for the purposes of threshing the grain and breaking up the straw.
The brick-kiln.âThis is the reading of the Hebrew text, and there is no sufficient reason to call it in question. The Hebrew margin, however, has âthrough Malchan; âand hence some have supposed that David made the Ammonites pass through the same fire by which they were accustomed to consecrate their children to Molech.
In the infliction of these cruelties on his enemies David acted in accordance with the customs and the knowledge of his time. Abhorrent as they may be to the spirit of Christianity, David and his contemporaries took them as matters of course, without a suspicion that they were not in accordance with Godâs will.