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Heavy; Heaviness
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
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hev´i , hev´i - nes ( כּבד , kābhēdh , דּאגה , de'āghāh ; λύπη , lúpē ):
1. Literal
Heavy (heave, to lift) is used literally with respect to material things, as the translation of kōbhēdh , "heaviness" ( Proverbs 27:3 , "a stone is heavy"); of kābhēdh , "to be weighty" (1 Samuel 4:18; 2 Samuel 14:26; Lamentations 3:7 ); of ‛āmaṣ , "to load" (Isaiah 46:1 the King James Version; compare Matthew 26:43; Mark 14:40; Luke 9:32 , "Their eyes were heavy"); baréomai , "to be weighed down."
2. Figuratively
It is used (1) for what is hard to bear, oppressive, kābhēdh ( Exodus 18:18; Numbers 11:14; 1 Samuel 5:6 , 1 Samuel 5:11; Psalm 38:4; Isaiah 24:20 ); mōṭāh , a "yoke" (Isaiah 58:6 , the Revised Version (British and American) "bands of the yoke"); ḳāsheh , "sharp," "hard" (1 Kings 14:6 , "heavy tidings"); barús , "heavy" (Matthew 23:4 ); (2) for sad, sorrowful (weighed down), mar, "bitter" (Proverbs 31:6 , the Revised Version (British and American) "bitter"); ra‛ , "evil" (Proverbs 25:20 ); adēmonéō , literally, "to be sated," "wearied," then, "to be very heavy," "dejected" (Matthew 26:37 , of our Lord in Gethsemane, "(he) began to be sorrowful and very heavy," the Revised Version (British and American) "sore troubled"); "adēmonein denotes a kind of stupefaction and bewilderment, the intellectual powers reeling and staggering under the pressure of the ideas presented to them" (Mason, The Conditions of our Lord's Life on Earth ); compare Mark 14:33; (3) morose, sulky, as well as sad, ṣar , "sullen," "sour," "angry" (1 Kings 20:43; 1 Kings 21:4 , "heavy and displeased"); (4) dull, kābhēdh (Isaiah 6:10 , "make their ears heavy"; Isaiah 59:1 , "neither (is) his ear heavy"); (5) "tired" seems to be the meaning in Exodus 17:12 , "Moses' hands were heavy" (kābhēdh ); compare Matthew 26:43 and parallels above.
Heavily is the translation of kebhēdhuth , "heaviness" ( Exodus 14:25 ), meaning "with difficulty"; of ḳādhar , "to be black," "to be a mourner" (Psalm 35:14 the King James Version, the Revised Version (British and American) "I bowed down mourning"); of kābhēdh (Isaiah 47:6 ).
Heaviness has always the sense of anxiety, sorrow, grief, etc.; de'āghāh , "fear," "dread," "anxious care" ( Proverbs 12:25 , "Heaviness in the heart of a man maketh it stoop," the Revised Version margin "or care"); kēhāh , "to be feeble," "weak" (Isaiah 61:3 , "the spirit of heaviness"); pānı̄m , "face," "aspect" (Job 9:27 the King James Version, "I will leave off my heaviness," the Revised Version (British and American) "(sad) countenance"; compare 2 Esdras 5:16; The Wisdom of Solomon 17:4; Ecclesiasticus 25:23); ta'ănı̄yāh , from 'ānāh , "to groan," "to sigh" (Isaiah 29:2 , the Revised Version (British and American) "mourning and lamentation"); tūghāh , "sadness," "sorrow" (Psalm 119:28; Proverbs 10:1; Proverbs 14:13 ); ה , ta‛ănı̄th , "affliction of one's self," "fasting" (Ezra 9:5 , the Revised Version (British and American) "humiliation," margin "fasting"); katḗpheia , "dejection," "sorrow" (literally, "of the eyes") (James 4:9 , "your joy (turned) to heaviness"); lupē , "grief" (Romans 9:2 , the Revised Version (British and American) "great sorrow"; 2 Corinthians 2:1 , the Revised Version (British and American) "sorrow"); lupéomai (1 Peter 1:6 , the Revised Version (British and American) "put to grief"); for nūsh , "to be sick," "feeble" (Psalm 69:20 , the Revised Version margin "sore sick"), and adēmoneō (Philippians 2:26 the Revised Version (British and American) "sore troubled"), the King James Version has "full of heaviness." "Heaviness," in the sense of sorrow, sadness, occurs in 2 Esdras 10:7, 8, 24; Tobit 2:5; lupē (Ecclesiasticus 22:4, the Revised Version (British and American) "grief"; 30:21, "Give not thy soul to heaviness," the Revised Version (British and American) "sorrow"; 1 Macc 6:4); lupeō (Ecclesiasticus 30:9, the Revised Version (British and American) "will grieve thee"; pénthos (1 Macc 3:51, etc.).
The Revised Version has "heavier work" for "more work" (Exodus 5:9 ); "heavy upon men" for "common among men" (Ecclesiastes 6:1 ); for "were heavy loaden" (Isaiah 46:1 ), "are made a load"; for "the burden thereof is heavy" (Isaiah 30:27 ), "in thick rising smoke."
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Bibliography Information
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. Entry for 'Heavy; Heaviness'. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/isb/h/heavy-heaviness.html. 1915.
